El presente Informe de Suficiencia explica los procedimientos para poder desarrollar un estudio de perfil de un sistema de agua potable y saneamiento básico de una localidad rural. Para poder elaborar todos componentes que forman parte de un estudio a nivel de perfil es necesario tener como guía las recomendaciones y lineamientos del Reglamentos Nacional de Edificaciones y por el Programa Nacional de Saneamiento Rural, los cuales indican los pasos, normas y criterios técnicos para poder desarrollar los distintos componentes del Sistema de agua y alcantarillado del proyecto. | Informe de suficiencia

Este informe, presenta los productos correspondientes al contrato No. 14-13-165-192PS suscrito con el objeto de realizar el análisis de política, legislación e instrumentos de planificación de los municipios de la cuenca del Río Orotoy a partir de un enfoque integral de adaptación al cambio climático teniendo como eje estructural la gobernanza del agua. Cada producto se desarrolla en una sección del documento en cuyo escrito se han incorporado cuadros de texto acompañados del logo del proyecto para resaltar menciones o propuestas específicas. En algunas secciones y dependiendo el producto solicitado en el contrato, se ha incorporado una franja lateral derecha para denotar el alcance del mismo. | Bogotá, Colombia | Fortalecimiento de las capapacidades de adaptación social y ecológica al cambio climático en la cuenca hidrográfica del río Orotoy, Colombia

Pregrado | Ingeniero(a) Ambiental

Ecological status of headwaters in the wet Betic Mountains (Los Alcornocales Natural Park, southernmost Spain) according to the WFD: does the application of this Directive ensure conservation? In compliance with the European Water Framework Directive, member states have had to develop a method to assess the quality of aquatic ecosystems by comparing the current situation regarding near–natural reference conditions for each river type. In 2008, the Spanish Ministry of Environment approved the Order of Water Planning Statement. This statement sets out reference conditions and ecological status class change limits for the different types of rivers in Spain for which sufficient data are available. In the presentstudy, we established reference conditions and quality class thresholds for streams classified as wet Betic mountain rivers from 24 reaches of streams located in the Los Alcornocales natural park, using two qualitative indices based on macroinvertebrates (IBMWP and IMMi–L). The results for the IBMWP index indicate that from the standpoint of management of the ecological state, the watercourses studied show more affinity with the types of the Spanish Atlantic siliceous slope than with those of the Mediterranean siliceous slope when we consider EQR values. Considering the threshold values, the index resembles siliceous low Mediterranean mountain rivers (type 8). However, the EQR values do not match those calculated in this study. These results suggest that it is necessary to use an index adapted to the characteristics of these watercourses. Application of the quality criteria contained in the Guadalete–Barbate and Mediterranean–Andalusian Basin Plans to the management of these waterways is discussed, because it is unlikely that they ensure the maintenance of good ecological status. We thus propose a new calibration of the IBMWP index that ensures the maintenance of good environmental status of watercourses in this natural area, and the use of the IMMi–L index as an effective management tool. However, as our study area represents only a part of the wet headwaters in the southern Iberian peninsula, analysis of other basin types is necessary to complete such information.

As a result of pumping in excess of recharge, water levels in alluvial aquifers within the Eastern San Joaquin Groundwater Subbasin, 130 km east of San Francisco (California, USA), declined below sea level in the early 1950s and have remained so to the present. Chloride concentrations in some wells increased during that time and exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency’s secondary maximum contaminant level of 250 mg/L, resulting in removal of some wells from service. Sources of high-chloride water include irrigation return in 16 % of sampled wells and water from delta sediments and deeper groundwater in 50 % of sampled wells. Chloride concentrations resulting from irrigation return commonly did not exceed 100 mg/L, although nitrate concentrations were as high as 25 mg/L as nitrogen. Chloride concentrations ranged from less than 100–2,050 mg/L in wells affected by water from delta sediments and deeper groundwater. Sequential electromagnetic logs show movement of high-chloride water from delta sediments to pumping wells through permeable interconnected aquifer layers. δD and δ¹⁸O data show most groundwater originated as recharge along the front of the Sierra Nevada, but tritium and carbon-14 data suggest recharge rates in this area are low and have decreased over recent geologic time. Managed aquifer recharge at two sites show differences in water-level responses to recharge and in the physical movement of recharged water with depth related to subsurface geology. Well-bore flow logs also show rapid movement of water from recharge sites through permeable interconnected aquifer layers to pumping wells.

The theory of regional groundwater flow is critical for explaining heat transport by moving groundwater in basins. Domenico and Palciauskas’s (1973) pioneering study on convective heat transport in a simple basin assumed that convection has a small influence on redistributing groundwater temperature. Moreover, there has been no research focused on the temperature distribution around stagnation zones among flow systems. In this paper, the temperature distribution in the simple basin is reexamined and that in a complex basin with nested flow systems is explored. In both basins, compared to the temperature distribution due to conduction, convection leads to a lower temperature in most parts of the basin except for a small part near the discharge area. There is a high-temperature anomaly around the basin-bottom stagnation point where two flow systems converge due to a low degree of convection and a long travel distance, but there is no anomaly around the basin-bottom stagnation point where two flow systems diverge. In the complex basin, there are also high-temperature anomalies around internal stagnation points. Temperature around internal stagnation points could be very high when they are close to the basin bottom, for example, due to the small permeability anisotropy ratio. The temperature distribution revealed in this study could be valuable when using heat as a tracer to identify the pattern of groundwater flow in large-scale basins. Domenico PA, Palciauskas VV (1973) Theoretical analysis of forced convective heat transfer in regional groundwater flow.

Ingeniero Ambiental | Pregrado

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]QUASARE | International audience | Water temperature is an essential variable in the study of ecological quality of water bodies. In this communication a summary of the works carried by the Flumen Institute to monitor water temperature in the lower Ebro River in the last two decades. These studies were initiated because of the need to analyse the thermal impact of the nuclear power plant of Ascó on the Ebro River, and were extended to include the effect of the system of reservoirs of Mequinenza, Riba-roja and Flix. The magnitude of the effect caused by the reservoirs was observed to be of the same magnitude as the effect of the nuclear power plant. The nuclear power plant of Ascó tends to increase water temperature by 3 ºC, independently of the time of the year. Regarding the case of the reservoirs, the cause a warming of water of 3-4 ºC in autumn-winter, and a cooling of water of up to 3 ºC in spring-summer. In the summer, the warming caused by the nuclear power plant and the cooling caused by the reservoirs tend to cancel each other out. Later modelling works showed that the thermal disequilibriums dues to both types of structure create spatial patterns of variation of daily temperature range, as well as a progressive delay of the timing of daily minima and maxima as water advances downstream. An analysis of long term trends of water temperature at different points in the study area showed an increase in water temperature of about 0.04-0.05 ºC/yr, in coincidence with an increase in air temperature and a decrease of discharge. Finally, an example is shown of an application of an airborne thermal sensor to measure surface water temperature. The obtained images, of high resolution, make it possible to observe in detail complex hydrodynamic processes, difficult to observe by using other methods. | La temperatura del agua es una variable fundamental para el estudio de la calidad ecológica de las masas de agua. En esta comunicación se presenta un resumen de los trabajos llevados a cabo por el Instituto Flumen para el seguimiento de la temperatura del agua en el tramo inferior del río Ebro en las dos últimas décadas. Dichos estudios se iniciaron con motivo del análisis del impacto térmico de la central nuclear de Ascó sobre el río Ebro, ampliándose para incluir la influencia del sistema de embalses de Mequinenza, Riba-roja y Flix. Se observó que la magnitud del impacto causado por los embalses era semejante a la de la central nuclear. La central nuclear de Ascó tiende a elevar la temperatura del agua en unos 3 ºC, independientemente de la época del año. Por lo que respecta a los embalses, generan un calentamiento del agua de hasta 3 – 4 ºC en otoño-invierno, y un enfriamiento del agua de hasta 3 ºC en primavera-verano. En verano, el calentamiento causado por la central nuclear y el enfriamiento causado por los embalses tienden a compensarse. Trabajos de modelización posteriores mostraron que los desequilibrios térmicos debidos a ambos tipos de infraestructura dan lugar a patrones espaciales de variación de la amplitud térmica diaria, así como a un progresivo retardo de la hora de ocurrencia de los máximos y mínimos diarios a medida que el agua avanza por el río. Un estudio de las tendencias a largo término de la temperatura del agua en diferentes puntos de la zona de estudio dio como resultado un incremento de la temperatura del agua del orden de 0.04 – 0.06 ºC/año, coincidiendo con una subida de la temperatura del agua y una disminución del caudal. Finalmente, se muestra un ejemplo de la aplicación de un sensor térmico aerotransportado para la medida de la temperatura superficial del agua. Las imágenes obtenidas, de una gran resolución, permiten detectar con detalle procesos hidrodinámicos complejos difícilmente observables con otros métodos.

El cumplimiento de la Directiva Marco del Agua (DMA) de la Unión Europea (UE) ha obligado a los Estados miembros a elaborar una metodología para evaluar la calidad de los ecosistemas acuáticos a partir de la comparación de la situación actual respecto a unas condiciones de referencia casi naturales para cada tipo de río. El Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino aprobó en 2008 la instrucción de planificación hidrológica donde se recogen las condiciones de referencia y los límites de cambio de clase del estado ecológico de los distintos tipos de ríos españoles de los que se dispone de datos suficientes. En el presente estudio se establecen las condiciones de referencia y los umbrales de las clases de calidad para los cursos catalogados como ríos de serranías béticas húmedas, a partir de 24 tramos incluidos en el parque natural Los Alcornocales, mediante el empleo de dos índices de calidad basados en macroinvertebrados (IBMWP e IMMi–L). Los resultados obtenidos para el índice IBMWP indican que, desde el punto de vista de la gestión del estado ecológico, los cursos de agua estudiados muestran más afinidad con los tipos silíceos de la vertiente atlántica española que con los tipos silíceos mediterráneos cuando comparamos sus valores EQR (ecological quality ratio). Si tenemos en cuenta los umbrales, el índice se asemeja al de los ríos de baja montaña mediterránea silícea (tipo 8). Sin embargo, los valores EQR no coinciden con los calculados en este estudio. Estos resultados parecen indicar que es necesario utilizar un índice adaptado a las características de estos cursos de agua. Si se aplican a la gestión de estos cursos de agua los criterios de calidad recogidos en los planes de las cuencas Guadalete–Barbate y Mediterránea Andaluza, el mantenimiento de su buen estado ecológico probablemente no estaría asegurado. Por este motivo, se propone volver a calibrar el índice IBMWP para que asegure el mantenimiento del buen estado ecológico de los cursos de agua de este espacio natural, así como utilizar el índice IMMi–L como un instrumento eficaz de gestión. No obstante, nuestra área de estudio solo representa uno de los tipos de cabeceras húmedas existentes en el sur de la península. Sería necesario estudiar el resto de los tipos de cuencas para tener la información completa.

The periphyton community structure in freshwater shallow lakes is lake community structure is determined by processes at different spatial and temporal scales, including the hydrodynamics of the system, nutrients, herbivores, light, substrate and temperature, as climate change stressors. The studies presented in this thesis aimed to understand the periphyton and the factors affecting this community in freshwater shallow lakes. Using an observational approach, we evaluated which limnological variables affect the biological traits of periphyton in shallow lakes located in the Upper Paraná River floodplain. The sampling sites were established according to the percentage of macrophyte coverage Eichornia azurea (0-35, 50-75 and 75-100%), and other limnological variables were sampled. Overall the biological traits were influenced mainly by temperature. However, other factors also influenced the community, such as water level, nutrients and more weakly by macrophyte coverage percentage of 0-35%. Using an experimental approach, we tested how biovolume and species composition of periphyton response in environmental conditions and in front of environmental disturbance in form heat wave (+5°C). The results showed that the heat wave stimulated the growth of cyanobacteria and diatoms, green algae have been adversely affected. Furthermore, the heat wave directed the prevalence of some taxons, thus changing the species of composition. | A estrutura da comunidade do perifíton em lagos rasos de água doce é resultado de um número de processos que operam em diferentes escalas espaciais e temporais, como por exemplo a hidrodinâmica do sistema, nutrientes, herbivoria, luz, substrato e a temperatura. Os estudos propiciaram a compreensão do perifíton e os fatores que afetam essa comunidade em lagos rasos de água doce. Utilizou-se uma abordagem observacional, para identificar as variáveis limnológicas afetam os traços biológicos do perifíton em lagos rasos, localizados na planície de inundação do alto Rio Paraná. Os pontos de amostragem foram estabelecidos de acordo com a porcentagem de cobertura da macrófita aquática Eichornia azurea (0-35, 50-75 e 75-100%) e outras variáveis limnológicas. No geral os traços biológicos foram influenciados principalmente pela temperatura. No entanto, outros fatores também influenciaram esta comunidade, como nível de água, nutrientes e mais fracamente a porcentagem de cobertura de macrófitas de 0-35%. Utilizou-se uma abordagem experimental, para testar como o biovolume e a composição de espécies do perifíton respondem em condições ambientais e frente a uma perturbação ambiental na forma de onda de calor (+5°C). Os resultados mostraram de acordo com o nível de nutrientes que a onda de calor estimulou o crescimento de cianobactérias e diatomáceas, já as algas verdes foram afetadas negativamente. Além disso, a onda de calor direcionou a prevalência de alguns táxons, assim, mudando a composição de espécies. | PhD