神经酸是大脑神经细胞和神经组织的核心成分，与大脑发育密切相关。为促进神经酸的高产和相关产品的规模化开发和应用，对神经酸的来源、提取分离工艺及生理功能进行了综述。神经酸存在于多种动植物及微生物中，提取分离工艺包括低温结晶法、超临界CO2萃取法、尿素包合法、分子蒸馏法等，具有治疗脑部疾病、中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病、心脑血管疾病及增强免疫力等生理功能。为获取丰富且高纯度的神经酸，除选育高产神经酸植物品种外，还可以利用基因工程构建高产神经酸转基因植物。此外，在后续研究中可将传统技术与先进技术相结合提取分离神经酸。 Nervonic acid is the core component of nerve cells and nerve tissue in the brain. It is closely related to brain development. In order to promote the high yield of nervonic acid and the large-scale development and application of related products, the sources, extraction and separation processes, and physiological function of nervonic acid were reviewed.Nervonic acid exists in a variety of animals, plants, and microorganisms, and its extraction and separation processes include low-temperature crystallization, supercritical CO2 extraction, urea inclusion fractionation, molecular distillation, etc. , and it has physiological functions of treating brain diseases, central nervous system demyelinating diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and enhancing immunity and other functions.In order to obtain abundant and high purity nervonic acid, genetic engineering also can be used to construct high-yield nervonic acid transgenic plants besides breeding high-yield nervonic acid plant varieties. In the follow-up study, the combination of traditional technology and advanced technology can be used to extract and separate nervonic acid.

二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）是一种ω-3 系多不饱和脂肪酸，对人体生长发育和健康具有重要作用，但其传统来源并不稳定且会引入鱼腥味，因此积极开发DHA新来源具有重要的研究价值和市场潜力。介绍了DHA的结构、理化性质、功能特性和来源，并从微生物产DHA途径，高产DHA藻种裂壶藻和寇氏隐甲藻的特点、诱变选育种情况、摇瓶培养条件和发酵工艺优化等方面阐述了微生物发酵生产DHA的研究情况。另外，从食用油和乳液两个方面对DHA藻油在食品中的应用情况进行了介绍。目前以裂壶藻和寇氏隐甲藻发酵生产DHA已取得初步成功，可以为现有生产提供理论基础，但有关胞内合成DHA和精准调控实现DHA增产还有待进一步研究。 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a kind of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, playing an important role in human physical development and health. However, the traditional sources for DHA are unstable and introduce the fishy smell for the products. Therefore, developing new sources for DHA actively shows important research value and market potential. The structure, physicochemical properties, functional properties and sources of DHA were introduced. The research on the production of DHA by microbial fermentation was described in terms of synthesis pathway of DHA, the characteristics, the mutagenesis breeding situation, the optimization of shake flask culture conditions and fermentation process of the high DHA-producing algae strains Schiztochytrium and Crypthecodinium cohnii. In addition, the application of DHA algal oil was introduced from two aspects of edible oils and emulsions. At present, the production of DHA by fermentation with Schizochytrium and Crypthecodinium cohnii has achieved initial success, which can provide a theoretical basis for the production. However, the intracellular synthesis of DHA and the precise regulation of DHA production need further research.