Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are important compounds in determining atmospheric pollution produced by combustion from mobile sources, industrial pollution and oil industry. PAHs are considered priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency US (USEPA), due to its carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. PAHs in food, represent a potential risk to consumers, are easily associated with the particulate matter and finally settle into the sediment and water. In aquatic ecosystems PAHs join the biota of the environment and the fish are excellent biomarkers of his presence. Mutiscua region is influenced by atmospheric pollution from mobile to petrol and diesel driven on a nearby national road to the municipality. The growing interest today in research in the field of organic compounds such as Priority Pollutants (PP), is due to the identification of adverse effects of these pollutants on health and ecosystems. This research is an assessment of the presence of PP in muscle and skin of rainbow trout. The determination of PAHs (PP) was performed by gas chromatography using FID (FlameIonization Detector). It was possible to identify the presence of a mixture of Benzofluorantenos considered as possible carcinogenic to humans, and trace level the possible presence of Benzo(a) pyrene, also classified as a carcinogen.

The Tree tomato (Cyphomandra betacea S.) is a fruit of mass consumption in Colombia, due to their special organoleptic and nutritional characteristics. Tree tomato fruits were evaluated for fifteen days during post- harvest stage to establish the evolution of antioxidant activity and concentration of phenolics compounds. The antioxidant capacity was analyzed by the ABTS method. It was found for the sixth day postharvest an average maximum value equivalent to 9.8 µmol of Trolox equivalents per gram of fresh fruit. Total phenols were determined by Folin Ciocalteu method, finding the highest concentration of phenolic compounds for the eighth day post-harvest, with 1.23 milligrams of gallic acid per gram of fresh fruit. The concentration of phenolic compounds was growing from day one of postharvest, then remained constant until day 11, showing a decrease to days 12 to 14 on ripening stage. In conclusion, it was established that the antioxidant activity in post harvest stage of tree tomato didn't present significant differences with a confidence level of 95%. The results obtained presented no positive correlation between antioxidant capacity and total phenolic concentration, however it was possible to conclude that tree tomato fruit is classified as a high antioxidant activity and good concentration of phenolic compounds compared to other fruits reported in various researches, aspects that power consumption of this species as a nutraceutical food.

En Colombia, el ñame (Dioscorea spp.) se cultiva en la región Caribe, siendo Dioscorea alata L. y Dioscorea rotundata Poir. las especies más cultivadas. Uno de los factores limitantes en estos cultivos son las enfermedades causadas por virus, principalmente por Potyvirus que ocasionan disminución en la producción de los tubérculos y pérdidas económicas significativas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la incidencia de virosis en ñame en el departamento de Sucre. Se realizaron visitas a cultivos de Dioscorea alata y Dioscorea rotundata en cinco municipios del departamento y se midió la sintomatología foliar. Se tomaron muestras de hojas y se realizó diagnóstico para Potyvirus mediante la técnica ELISA-DAS indirecta. Además, se inocularon plantas indicadoras con extractos preparados a partir de plantas con síntomas virales y positivas para Potyvirus. Todos los cultivos visitados mostraron síntomas asociados a los Potyvirus del ñame, tales como bandeo, moteado, clorosis y deformación foliar. Los municipios con mayor incidencia sintomática fueron Sampués (82,5%), Sincelejo (79,5%) y San Juan de Betulia (71,6%). Se detectó Potyvirus en plantas sintomáticas y las plantas indicadoras desarrollaron síntomas similares a los encontrados en campo. Los cultivos de ñame del departamento de Sucre presentan alta incidencia de Potyvirus lo que sería causa de pérdidas económicas a los productores.

Acid sulphate soils (ASS) are characterized to be dynamic systems with a continuous chemical degradation processes due to current severe acidification. One of their limitations is related to the inhibition of the absorption of exchangeable bases, generated mainly by excess aluminum rates, which affect their productivity 20and limit the availability of nutrients to plants.This study evaluated the effect of some techniques used in soil remediation on exchangeable bases of ASS, at greenhouse conditions, in order to identify methodologies for the management of these soils in Paipa (Boyacá). An experimental design with 6 treatments and 5 replications was performed, where the incorporation of efficient microorganisms, sugarcane bagasse, green manure and dolomite lime was evaluated as well as the seeding of forage Brassica rapa L.; in which the exchangeable bases were measured before and after planting Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis as indicator crop. For data analysis, was performed ANOVA and was applied Tukey comparison of means with a reliability of 95%. The results indicated that the seeding of B. rapa as forage and incorporating of the same as green manure, with the complementary use of dolomite lime, generated a greater increase in Ca (18.21 cmolc•kg-1 & 16.61 cmolc•kg-1) and Mg (6 cmolc•kg-1 & 5.15 cmolc•kg-1). In terms of K, the highest value was obtained with the addition of green manure (1.31 cmolc•kg-1) respect to the methodologies evaluated.

The use of antimicrobial agents in artificial diets for the mass rearing of insects is commonly employed to prevent the proliferation of environmental microorganisms, preventing contamination of food and space of the rear insects. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of formaldehyde and nipagine antimicrobials on the Cenibroca artificial diet for coffee berry borer breeding. Through this experiment, using the Cenibroca diet, the largest number of coffee borer biological states per cm3 of diet was achieved, however the highest percentage of contamination by the fungi Aspergillus sp. and Penicillum sp. was obtained. When 2.65 mL of formaldehyde per liter of Cenibroca were added, the least diet contamination (3.3 %) was achieved. This addition did not affect the production of biological states of the coffee borer, in comparison with the rest of diets used, in which other antimicrobial agents were used. Based on these results, it is possible to use the Cenibroca diet in coffee berry borer breeding for the mass production of its parasitoids.

This work was performed in order to evaluate an unconventional source of flour and starch. It was characterized physicochemically by proximate analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); scanning electron microscopy (SEM); X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and rapid viscosity (RVA). In the proximal analysis, the flour threw: humidity 7.43%, 2.57% protein, 0.20% fat, 2.43% ash; while starch: 8.7% humidity, 1.53% protein, 0.12% fat, 1.07% ash, 1.67% fiber. DSC analysis of the flour and starch presented gelatinization temperatures and showed relatively low enthalpies 69.3 °C 2.02 J / g 54.7 °C and 2.4 J / g respectively. TGA analysis of the flour and starch showed decomposition temperatures of the compounds of low molecular weight at 286.1 ° C and 230 ° C. Starch granules showed elliptical shapes, and an average length of 39 microns and 24 microns diameter. X-ray diffractograms yielded a diffraction pattern for type C for the flour and starch. The flour and starch presented viscosities of 1132 cP and 2068 cP, pasting temperatures of 75.1 and 76.8 ° C; A final viscosity of 1121 cP and 2530 cP; Breakdown of 18 and 285 cP; Secback 107 and 747 cP. The physicochemical and thermal evaluation of flour and starch, presented attractive thermal characteristics to reduce energy costs in different agro-industrial processes.

This work was performed in order to evaluate an unconventional source of flour and starch. It was characterized physicochemically by proximate analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); scanning electron microscopy (SEM); X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and rapid viscosity (RVA). In the proximal analysis, the flour threw: humidity 7.43%, 2.57% protein, 0.20% fat, 2.43% ash; while starch: 8.7% humidity, 1.53% protein, 0.12% fat, 1.07% ash, 1.67% fiber. DSC analysis of the flour and starch presented gelatinization temperatures and showed relatively low enthalpies 69.3 °C 2.02 J / g 54.7 °C and 2.4 J / g respectively. TGA analysis of the flour and starch showed decomposition temperatures of the compounds of low molecular weight at 286.1 ° C and 230 ° C. Starch granules showed elliptical shapes, and an average length of 39 microns and 24 microns diameter. X-ray diffractograms yielded a diffraction pattern for type C for the flour and starch. The flour and starch presented viscosities of 1132 cP and 2068 cP, pasting temperatures of 75.1 and 76.8 ° C; A final viscosity of 1121 cP and 2530 cP; Breakdown of 18 and 285 cP; Secback 107 and 747 cP. The physicochemical and thermal evaluation of flour and starch, presented attractive thermal characteristics to reduce energy costs in different agro-industrial processes.

Acid sulphate soils (ASS) are characterized to be dynamic systems with a continuous chemical degradation processes due to current severe acidification. One of their limitations is related to the inhibition of the absorption of exchangeable bases, generated mainly by excess aluminum rates, which affect their productivity 20and limit the availability of nutrients to plants.This study evaluated the effect of some techniques used in soil remediation on exchangeable bases of ASS, at greenhouse conditions, in order to identify methodologies for the management of these soils in Paipa (Boyacá). An experimental design with 6 treatments and 5 replications was performed, where the incorporation of efficient microorganisms, sugarcane bagasse, green manure and dolomite lime was evaluated as well as the seeding of forage Brassica rapa L.; in which the exchangeable bases were measured before and after planting Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis as indicator crop. For data analysis, was performed ANOVA and was applied Tukey comparison of means with a reliability of 95%. The results indicated that the seeding of B. rapa as forage and incorporating of the same as green manure, with the complementary use of dolomite lime, generated a greater increase in Ca (18.21 cmolc•kg-1 & 16.61 cmolc•kg-1) and Mg (6 cmolc•kg-1 & 5.15 cmolc•kg-1). In terms of K, the highest value was obtained with the addition of green manure (1.31 cmolc•kg-1) respect to the methodologies evaluated.

The process of certification of vegetable producers in the northwest region of Mexico, it becomes necessary, If you want to improve competitiveness, in response to market demands them. This paper seeks to make a quantitative measurement of the provision to Certify by farmers, which means assuming additional costs but then become comparative advantages to the extent that the products can reach the market. Using the contingent valuation method (VC), Logistic regression techniques to estimate parameters using maximum likelihood, It is concluded that the application of standard variables especially quality and safety, working under contract farming, positively influence the willingness to certify production; while the experience as a producer of vegetables, influence negatively.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of moisture level on the physiological behavior of different forage grasses. The experiment was conducted in screenhouse at the Center for Research Turipaná of Corpoica, (Cereté, Córdoba). Was used a design randomized complete block with 14 genotypes, and three (3) replications. Three moisture regimes were used in the manner of locations within the same screenhouse. Among the variables studied were: net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, leaf dry mass, leaf area, among others. Only the variables leaf area and leaf water potential showed significant interactions between genotype and environment of moisture, while the other variables, were most affected by the main factors(p<0.05). Genotypes Bisset, Strikcland and Colosuana had an interaction for leaf area, showing the highest value at high and medium moisture. At low humidity, the 14 forage grasses had more negative leaf water potential. Low level moisture had the lowest values of stomatal conductance and transpiration and lower dry matter accumulation in all organs, mainly the leaves. BR02/1752 had the highest dry matter accumulation in leaves (32.67 gplant-1) followed by CIAT16051 (27.78 gplant-1). It is concluded that the physiological behavior of pastures is determined by genetic characteristics and moisture regime, not by their interaction.> <0.05). Genotypes Bisset, Strikcland and Colosuana had an interaction for leaf area, showing the highest value at high and medium moisture. At low humidity, the 14 forage grasses had more negative leaf water potential. Low level moisture had the lowest values of stomatal conductance and transpiration and lower dry matter accumulation in all organs, mainly the leaves. BR02/1752 had the highest dry matter accumulation in leaves (32.67 gplant-1) followed by CIAT16051 (27.78 gplant-1). It is concluded that the physiological behavior of pastures is determined by genetic characteristics and moisture regime, not by their interaction.