The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of immunization with whole sonicate Brucella abortus antigen on the mice infected with Candida albicans, for that, Twenty one white mice ,both sexes, average weight 20-24g, were divided randomly into (3) equal groups. First group immunized with (0.5)ml of sonicated brucella antigen, two doses, 10 days interval, skin test was done 27 days post-vaccination, 2nd group and 3rd groups served as positive and negative control group respectively. (30) days post-vaccination, 1st and 2nd groups were challenged with (0.5)ml of inoculums (1X10yeast/ml), C. albicans I/P. 3rd group was injected with (0.5)ml of sterile normal saline I/p. The results showed that the immunized animals revealed cellular immune response, negative fungal isolates and minor pathological changes in compared with positive control. Positive control animals show severs fungal isolates from internal organs with sever pathological changes characterized mainly by polymorphonuclear cells infiltration and multiple foci of granulomatous lesion.

The present study showed that the lead had toxic effects on the gill structures of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) juveniles such as clubbing molting of epithelial cells, epithelial separation, necrosis, fusion of adjacent lamellar epithelium and hyperplasia of secondary lamellar epithelium, destruction of epithelial cells, curved of epithelial, loose in regular shape of epithelium, bite and bleeding tissues through exposure for 48 hrs. All these histological changes depended on lead concentration and exposure period.

The present study was conducted to compare C-ELISA and Rose-Bengal tests in detection of brucella antibodies in buffalo sera in Mosul city, using 132 adult females of indigenous buffaloes from May 2007 to May 2008. Seroprevalence was 50.8% using C-ELISA, and 28.8% when RBT have been used. The data obtained were analyzed statistically to identify the agreement between C-ELISA and RBT using Kappa value. Kappa index was (0.353), which indicates less agreement between the two tests. There were false-negative results of RBT in 36 samples out of 67 samples positive to C-ELISA, and 7 samples recorded as false-positive with RBT out of 65 samples negative to C-ELISA.

The studied of effects of vitamin C administration on the leukcocyte counts and testing of exercise of male rats. Rats were divided into 4 groups; the first group contain the control and the other group contain the administration with different doses of ascorbic acid (35mg, 75 mg, and 120 mg/day; respectively. The doses were giving by intra-peritoneal injection. Physiological solution was given to the control group (CON) via the same procedure. Exercise performance was based on swim time to fatigue. Blood samples were taken and evaluated at day 10, 20 and 30 days. The lymphocyte percentage was 55.3 ± 5 % for CON on day 28. For all C groups, the range of the lymphocyte percentage was 54.5 %- 64.1 % (p < 0.001). Swim time was 1.6 ± 0.3 min at day 30. This value was increased to 5.1- 8.4 min for the C groups (p < 0.001).

It was found that 0.1gm of para-aminophenyl mercuric acetate PAPMA dissolved in 10ml of distilled water added in to,Muller-Hinton agar, inhibited the growth of four standard strains bacteria [E.coli ATCC25922, S.aureus ATCC 25923, P.aeruginosa ATCC27853 and S.aureus NCTC6571] and four clinical strains bacteria positive and negative to gram stain [Klebsiella sp.,from blood isolate , E.coli, from stool isolate, Staphylococcus sp., from blood isolate, and Proteus sp.,from urine isolate]. Higher concentrations of PAPMA solution in to the medium inhibited growth of bacteria under study more strongly. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and cytotoxicity of PAPMA were studied against human blood and it was found that it has no hemolytic in RBCs for human in 1– 5µg/ml. The acute toxicity LD50 of PAPMA was studied and it was about 11.3mg/Kg.

An attempt was made to have a better understanding of wound healing in skin of adult rabbits. Stages of healing showed in during microscopic changes in epidermal and dermal regions. The ratio of changes was rapid up during 48 hours. The epithelium invaded actively underlying connective tissue. There was a closely packed mass of cells immediately subjacent to the epithelium, also there was an appearance of collagen fibers laying between the cells. Close contact between dermal and epidermal cells was happened at the time when epithelial invasion and basement membrane was reformed close to the epithelium.

This study conducted to evaluated 150 sheep urine sample [91 female (59) male] for the physical characteristic (color, odor, and specific gravity), chemical characteristic (ketone bodies and glucose) and for the presence of bacterial isolates. Most urine samples have amber color and ammonia odor especially the samples which show positive results in bacterial isolate, while presence of ketone bodies was indicated by the appearance of fruity odor. This study showed that 48 (32%) of urine samples are ketone positive [34 (37.36%) females and 14 (23.72%) males], and 42 (28%) of samples are glucose positive[26 (28.57%) females and 16 (27.11%) males]. Where as the bacteriological examination of urine revealed that 38 (32%) of female urine samples show positive results in bacterial isolation including 15 (16.48%) Escherichia coli, 11 (12.08%) Staphylococcus aureas, 6 (6.59%) streptococcus spp., 4 (4.39%) Proteus spp. and 2 (2.19%) Klebsilla spp. . While the results of bacterial examination of male urine samples revealed that 20 (33.89%) show positive bacterial isolation including 8 (13.55%) E. coli, 6 (10.16%) Staph. aureus, 3 (5.08%) Sterpt. Spp. and 3(5.08%) Proteus spp.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Cyperus longous (Rhizomes) on killing the (larval stage) protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus in vitro compared with the two drugs Tinidazole and Praziquantel using the concentrations (5 , 10 , 15 , 20) % of the plant extracts and (1.25 , 1.8 , 2.5) % for Tinidazole and (0.1 , 0.15 , 0.2) % for Praziquantel respectively. The study shows that the aqueous extract at 20% have showen highest protoscolicidal activity. All the protoscolices were killed in the first day after treatment. While the concentration 5% shows the lowest activity in killing the protoscolices which was in the 6th day , while the time of killing protoscolices was in the 3rd day and 2nd day at the concentration (10 , 15)% respectively. There is no significant differences between aqueous and alcoholic extract of Cyperus longous P< 0.01 , so aqueous extract used in our study because of its lower price and its safety. Tinidazole and Praziquantel have showen the great activity on killing the protoscolices in the ½ an hour and an hour at (2.5 , 0.2) % respectively. The preservative solution ( Hankُ s solution). Keep the protoscolices viable 59% to 21 days.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the pathological changes of the acute toxicity of Malathion as organophosphorus insecticide in wild pigeons (Rock dove). Liver enzyme Alanine Transaminase (ALT) in the serum of treated pigeons was measured. The maximum tolerated dose of malathion was 3.525mg / kg B.W. However, when the maximum tolerated dose of the malathion was given to group A, two out of eight pigeons died within two hours after treatment .The insecticide caused clinical signs appeared within two hours before death, they included salivation, lacrimation , gasping, frequent defecation, drooping of wings, tremors, convulsion and recumbancy. Also the histopathological changes of the acute toxicity of present study included vacculation of nerve fibers in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve, meningitis associated with lymphocytic infiltration in the brain, myocardial fibrosis, aggregation of lymphocytes and hepatic septal fibrosis. Cortical fibrosis with inflammatory cells, regenerating renal cortical tubules and dilated cortical tubules were also seen. Compared to control values the exposure to insecticide caused increase of the ALT level in the serum for treated pigeons, and this increment was significant. In conclusion Malathion insecticide administered orally at maximum tolerated dose induced clinical signs of poisoning, pathological changes in different organs of pigeons and increased the ALT value.