Gastrointestinal parasites (GIP) are often associated with diarrhea in buffaloes, which affects health, growth, and production. They are also sources of infestation in the herd, nearby herds, and grazing areas. The current study aims to diagnose the different types of GIP that infect buffaloes in the Mosul city, Iraq, and to determine their infestation rate. A total of 100 fecal samples were randomly collected from buffaloes of different ages (ranging from 1.5 to 5 years old) and both sexes in various regions of Mosul city. These samples were examined using direct smear technique, with or without iodine dye, flotation method, and sedimentation method, with or without methylene blue dye, between September 2022 and February 2023. The overall infestation rate with GIP was 59%, comprising intestinal protozoa (56%), Nematodes (6%), and Trematodes (2%). That included Buxtonella sulcata (56%); Trichostrongylus spp. (3%); Haemonchus spp. (1%); Cooperia spp. (1%); Ostertagia ostertagi. (1%); and Fasciola hepatica (2%). Moreover, a variation in the infestation rates according to the months of collected samples was observed; significantly (P<0.05) highest infestation rate was recorded in February at 93.3%, followed by November at 82%, and the lowest infestation rate was recorded in October and September at 16% and 36.3%, respectively. In conclusion, the highest infestation rate with GIP in buffaloes in the city of Mosul, Iraq, this must be given increased attention by owners and veterinarians for strategical control of these parasites. 

This study was conducted at the slaughterhouse of Basra Governorate in southern Iraq, where 44 uteri were collected from local cows (5-6 years of age) from March 2023 to April 2023. The results showed 11(25%) cases of adenomyosis from total (44) cases of affected cows' reproductive systems. In macroscopic examination, the uteri appeared slightly swollen. At the same time, a microscopic examination revealed the presence of glands in the uterine muscle layer. The endometrial layer was partially observed in the myometrium under the microscope. Natural, benign endometrial islands composed of glands and stroma were found deep within the muscle layer. In addition, muscular hypertrophy occurs alongside it. Myometrial, and many blood vessels and muscle hypertrophy have emerged in the tumour's latter stages, causing a change in the structure of the endometrial glands.

Bee venom with an antimicrobial effect is a powerful natural product. One of the most important areas where new antimicrobials are needed is in the prevention and control of multi-drug resistant pathogens. Today, antibacterial products used to treat multi-drug resistant pathogen infections in hospitals and healthcare facilities are insufficient to prevent colonisation and spread, and new products are needed. The aim of the study is to investigate the antibacterial effect of the bee venom (BV), a natural substance, on the species of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Carbapenem resistant Escherichia coli, Carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. As a result of this study, it was found that MIC90 and MBC90 values ranged from 6.25 μg/mL - 12.5 μg/mL and numbers of bacteria decreased by 4-6 logs within 1-24 h for multi-drug resistant pathogens. In particular, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolate decreased 6 log cfu/mL at 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL concentrations in the first hour. The effective bacterial inhibition rate of bee venom suggests that it could be a potential antibacterial agent for multi-drug resistant pathogens. CONTRIBUTION: The treatment options of antibiotic-resistant pathogens are a major problem in both veterinary and human medicine fields. We have detected a high antibacterial effect against these agents in this bee venom study, which is a natural product. Apitherapy is a fashionable treatment method all over the world and is used in many areas of health. Bee venom is also a product that can be used as a drug or disinfectant raw material and can fill the natural product gap that can be used against resistant bacteria.

Bovine trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoans of the genus Trypanosoma. The disease cause economic losses in livestock production. In order to determine the status of research on this disease in Côte d'Ivoire, we used the systematic review method and meta-analysis. Three electronics databases, namely Google Scholar, PubMed and CrossRef were used to search for publications on trypanosomiasis prevalence that met our inclusion criteria. Twenty five articles were identified, 11 of which met the inclusion criteria. Bovine trypanosomiasis prevalence of 2.99% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.96% - 3.01%) to 25.28% (95% CI: 25.17% - 25.38%) were recorded between 1960 and 2021. The analyses showed that the most infected regions were the Bagoue 11.26% (95% CI: 11.25% - 11.27%), Bounkani 14.94% (95% CI: 14.93% - 14.95%), Gbeke 10.34% (95% CI: 10.33% - 10.35%), Marahoue 13.79% (95% CI: 13.78% - 13.80%), Poro 8.50% (95% CI: 8.49% - 8.51%), and Tchologo 11.83% (95% CI: 11.82% - 11.84%).The most sensitive diagnostic method used was the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The species of trypanosomes diagnosed were Typanosoma vivax 4.99% (95% CI: 4.97% - 5.01%), T. congolense 1.51% (95% CI: 1.49% - 1.52%), and T. brucei 0.61% (95% CI: 0.59% - 0.62%). Despite some variation, the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis in Côte d'Ivoire caused mainly by T. vivax has increased in the years between 1977 and 2017. Efforts to control tsetse and other mechanical vectors should also be put in place to minimize its transmission. CONTRIBUTION: The authors studied the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis using the systematic review method and MA in order to determine the status of research on this disease in Côte d'Ivoire

This study investigates the effects of Aspergillus meal prebiotic on a spectrum of parameters, including productive performance, bone mineralization, and intestinal integrity, in broiler chickens. Day-of-hatch Cobb 500 by-product male chicks (320 total) were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (G1 and G2) in floor pens (150×300 cm), each pen containing separate feeders and watering systems (8 replicates per treatment, 20 birds/pen). Chickens kept in G1 (control) were fed a basal diet, while those of G2 (treated) were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.2% PRI-A-FERM. Performance parameters, including body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR), were evaluated weekly from the 7th day to the end of the trial at 42 d. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d) was administered via oral gavage to 3 chickens/replicate (n = 24), and blood was collected on 21d and on 42d to determine serum concentration of FITC-d as a biomarker to evaluate intestinal permeability and peptide YY as an indirect biomarker to evaluate short chain fatty acids. Chickens that received the \\textit{Aspergillus} meal prebiotic showed a significant increase in BW, BWG, and FI on days 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 (P

The present study assessed the effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic CLOSTAT, alone or in combination with Aviboost® supplement, on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, and immune response in broiler chickens. A total of 600 one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into three groups: G1 (non-treated negative control group), G2 (probiotic CLOSTAT®- and Aviboost®-treated group), and G3 (probiotic CLOSTAT®-treated group). Feed intake and mean body weight were measured weekly for all groups. Sera were collected for cytokine analysis, and duodenal samples were also collected for histomorphological examination. The results revealed that the mean body weight gain was significantly increased to 2.25 and 2.2 kg/bird in G2 and G3, respectively, compared to 1.95 kg/bird in G1. Similarly, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved to 1.56 and 1.59 in G2 and G3, respectively, compared to 1.8 in G1. Serum interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-6 protein concentrations were significantly increased in G2 and G3 compared to G1. Furthermore, the absorptive cells of the villi revealed structural changes, including hyperplasia and increased goblet cell population and microvilli height, in G2 and G3 compared to G1. The lamina propria of duodenal villi in G2 and G3 showed increased cellularity at 22 days of age. In conclusion, concurrent supplementation of CLOSTAT® and Aviboost® to broiler chickens slightly improved the body weight gain and FCR but did not exhibit synergistic or additive effects on intestinal morphology and systemic immune response

Abortifacient pathogens such as bacterial [Brucella spp., Listeria spp., Leptospira interrogans ser., Coxiella burnetii, Campylobacter spp., Anaplasma spp., Chlamydia spp], mycotic [Aspergillus species and Candida species], protozoan [Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora spp.], and viral [Bluetongue virus (BTV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV), Bovine viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), and Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV)] pathogens are challenges for the productive and reproductive performance of ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goats) globally. No comprehensive report on epidemiology, associated risk factors, or economic burden of these infectious pathogens is available for Nigeria. This review estimated the distribution and burden of abortive pathogens in ruminants in Nigeria for the last twenty-two years (2000-2022). Research articles reporting the detection of any of the above-mentioned abortive pathogens in ready-to-slaughter ruminants (RTSR), sick ruminants (SR), and ruminants with abortive history (RWAH) in Nigeria were accessed using different repositories, including Google Scholar, Proquest, PubMed, ResearchGate and Scopus to determine the prevalence, spatial distribution, and associated risk factors. From a total of 140 articles selected for this review, eight bacterial, four viral, two parasitic, and two mycotic infectious agents were reported for Nigeria. This study reveals a prevalence of 28.2% viral agents, 14.43% bacterial pathogens, 14.24% protozoans, and 28.1% fungal agents in the reported tested samples. Brucellosis was the most often reported among bacterial diseases, followed by leptospirosis and listeriosis. Peste des petits ruminants virus infection was the most common viral disease, followed by bluetongue virus disease. Additionally, two parasitic diseases, neosporosis and toxoplasmosis, and two mycotic diseases, aspergillosis and candidiasis, were reported. In this study, stillbirth and abortion were recorded in 49.2% of sheep with PPRV, 58.95% in goats with Chlamydophila abortus and PPRV, and 6.4% in cattle with Brucella abortus and Histophilus somni infections. Lack of vaccines, open markets, and extensive husbandry systems were among the risk factors associated with different abortive pathogens. This study is a useful tool for researchers and government officers in risk assessment and management of livestock to improve livestock production in Nigeria.