Relevance. Production of functional food with high levels of antioxidant status and selenium is essential for human protection against viral and cardiovascular diseases as well as cancer.Methods. Evaluation of the efficiency in foliar sodium selenate biofortification (25. 50 and 75 mg Se/L) was achieved on three chervil genotypes.Results. Intervarietal differences in biofortification level was demonstrated: from 15.5 to 31.1 for 25 mg Se/L dose; from 36.9 to 64.6 for 50 mg Se/L dose; and from 72.9 to 130 for 75 mg Se/L dose. At the chosen doses, selenium supply did not affect significantly the yield, antioxidant properties and photosynthetic content of chervil. Total antioxidant activity was in the range from 30 to 42 mg GAE/g d.w., phenolics content from 9 to 13 mg GAE/g d.w, flavonoids from 5 to 12 mg-eq quercetin/g d.w., ascorbic acid from 33 to 66 mg/100 g fresh w. High levels of carotene were a typical feature of Se fortified and non-fortified chervil. A direct correlation was recorded between phenolics content and total antioxidant activity (r=+0.954, P<0.01), and between water soluble compounds and nitrates accumulation (r=+0.920, P<0.01). Biofortification with selenium did not affect significantly the mineral content of plants. Consumption of 100 g of fresh chervil leaves, fortified with selenium, provides from 50 to 75% of the adequate selenium consumption level and from 16 to 20% of potassium. Taking into account that both selenium and potassium normalize heart activity, the new functional food product may be recommended for prophylactics and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and for the human selenium status optimization.

Consumption of functional foods with high levels of antioxidant status and selenium is essential for human body protection against viral and cardiovascular diseases as well as cancer. Evaluation of the efficiency in foliar sodium selenate biofortification (25. 50 and 75 mg Se/L) was achieved on three chervil genotypes (Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm.). Intervarietal variability in biofortification level was identified: from 15.5 to 31.1 for 25 mg Se/L dose; from 36.9 to 64.6 for 50 mg Se/L dose; and from 72.9 to 130 for 75 mg Se/L dose. At the chosen doses, selenium supply did not affect significantly the yield, antioxidant properties and photosynthetic content of chervil. Total antioxidant activity varied from 30 to 42 mg GAE/g of dry weight (d.w.), phenolics content from 9 to 13 mg GAE/g d.w, flavonoids from 5 to 12 mg-eq quercetin/g d.w., ascorbic acid from 33 to 66 mg/100 g fresh w. High levels of carotene were a typical feature of Se fortified and non-fortified chervil. A direct correlation was recorded between phenolics content and total antioxidant activity (r=+0.954, P less than 0.01), and between water soluble compounds and nitrates accumulation (r=+0.920, P less than 0.01). Biofortification with selenium did not affect significantly the mineral content of plants. Consumption of 100 g of fresh chervil leaves, fortified with selenium, provides from 50 to 75% of the adequate selenium consumption level and from 16 to 20% of potassium. Taking into account that selenium and potassium normalize heart activity, the green herbage of selenium enriched chervil may be regarded as a functional product and recommended for prophylactics and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and for the human selenium status optimization. | Употребление в пищу функциональных продуктов питания с высоким антиоксидантным статусом и повышенным содержанием селена важно для защиты организма человека от вирусных, онкологических и кардиологических заболеваний. Исследована эффективность внекорневого обогащения селенатом натрия в концентрациях 25, 50 и 75 мг Se/л трех сортообразцов кервеля (Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm.). Установлена межсортовая вариабельность в уровнях обогащения растений микроэлементом (от 15,5 до 31,1 при дозе 25 мг Se/л; от 36,9 до 64,6 при дозе 50 мг Se/л и от 72,9 до 130 при дозе 75 мг Se/л). Выявлено, что при выбранных дозах селена обогащение растений микроэлементом не влияет достоверно на урожай и оказывает слабое влияние на антиоксидантные свойства и содержание фотосинтетических пигментов кервеля. Уровень общей антиоксидантной активности варьировал от 30 до 42 мг ГКЭ/г сухой массы (с.м.), полифенолов - от 9 до 13 мг ГКЭ/г с.м., флавоноидов от 5 до 12 мг-экв кверцетина/г с.м., аскорбиновой кислоты от 33 до 66 мг/100 г сырой массы. Отличительной особенностью кервеля обогащенного и не обогащенного селеном является повышенное содержание каротина. Установлена прямая корреляция между содержанием полифенолов и общей антиоксидантной активностью растений (r=+0,954, P меньше 0,01), а также между содержанием водорастворимых соединений н уровнем накопления нитратов (r=+0,920, P меньше 0,01). Обогащение растений селеном не влияло достоверно на элементный состав листьев. Потребление 100 г свежих листьев кервеля, обогащенного селеном, обеспечивает поступление в организм человека от 50 до 75% суточной потребности человека в селене и от 16 до 20% от суточной потребности в калии. Принимая во внимание, что селен и калий нормализует работу сердца, зелень обогащенного селеном кервеля можно считать функциональным продуктом и рекомендовать для профилактики кардиологических заболеваний и оптимизации селенового статуса населения.

Relevance. F1 hybrids breeding programs of onion are based on the use of nuclear cytoplasmic male sterility (NCMS). Breeding and seed production based on NCMS suggest a development of a female sterile maternal line, a maintainer line and a paternal component. The development of an isogenic pair of sterile line – maintainer line is one of the most labor-, time-consuming and intellectually-intensive stages of a breeding program, the implementation of which becomes more complicated with an increase in the number of traits / genes for which selection is carried out.Methods and results. This paper presents a genetic scheme for the development of a Downy mildewresistant (pathogen P. destructor) maintainer line of onion using marker-assisted selection (MAS). F2 populations were obtained from the cross of the female maintainer inbred line, Bn1- (13) (genotype – cytN msms pdpd) and male inbred line resistant to Downy mildew, No. 136 (genotype – cytT MsMs PdPd). DNA marker DMR1 were used for Downy mildew resistance gene Pd, jnurf13 – for maintainer gene ms and marker system 5`cob: orfA501 – for N, S and T cytoplasms. It was shown that the MAS application allow to develop a stable Downy mildew resistant maintainer line cytN msms PdPd in two generations.

Селекционные программы по созданию F1 гибридов лука репчатого строятся на основе использования ядерно-цитоплазматической мужской стерильности. Селекция и семеноводство в этом случае предполагают 3-линейную схему – стерильную материнскую линию, закрепитель стерильности и отцовский компонент. Создание изогенной пары 'стерильная линия – закрепитель стерильности' – один из наиболее сложных этапов селекционной программы, выполнение которого усложняется с увеличением числа признаков/генов, по которым проводится отбор. Представлена схема создания устойчивой к пероноспорозу (возб. Peronospora destructor) линии закрепителя стерильности лука репчатого с применением маркер-опосредованного отбора по ядерному гену устойчивости к пероноспорозу Pd (молекулярный маркер DMR1), ядерному гену закрепления стерильности ms (молекулярный маркер jnurf13) и по цитоплазматическим генам, определяющим N, S и T цитоплазмы (маркерная система 5`cob:orfA501). В результате гибридизации инбредной линии лука репчатого №136 (генотип – цитT MsMs PdPd) с геном Pd устойчивости к пероноспорозу и донора аллелей закрепления стерильности (ms), инбредной линии лука репчатого Бн1-(13) (генотип – цитN msms pdpd) получены расщепляющиеся популяции F2, из которых маркер-опосредованным отбором выделены гомозиготные по устойчивости к пероноспорозу линии-закрепители стерильности – цитN msms PdPd. Показано, что наследование гена устойчивости к пероноспорозу Pd в расщепляющихся популяциях от самоопыления гетерозигот Pdpd нестабильно и имеет существенное отклонение от менделевского распределения доминантных и рецессивных признаков в потомстве F2 при моногенном наследовании. Применение маркер-опосредованного отбора по целевым генам позволило создать устойчивую линию-закрепитель стерильности цитN msms PdPd за 2 поколения. | F1 hybrids breeding programs for onion are based on the use of nuclear cytoplasmic male sterility. Such breeding and seed production assumes development of a female sterile maternal line, a maintainer line and a paternal component. The development of an isogenic pair of sterile line and maintainer line is one of the most complex stages of a breeding program, the implementation of which becomes more complicated with an increase in the number of traits/genes for which selection is carried out. This paper presents a genetic scheme for the development of a Downy mildew resistant (pathogen Peronospora destructor) maintainer line of onion using marker-assisted selection (MAS). F2 segregating populations were obtained from the cross of the female maintainer inbred line, Bn1- (13) (genotype – cytN msms pdpd) and male inbred line resistant to Downy mildew, No. 136 (genotype is cytT MsMs PdPd). DNA marker DMR1 were used for Downy mildew resistance gene Pd, jnurf13 – for maintainer gene ms and marker system 5`cob: orfA501 – for N, S and T cytoplasms. The inheritance of the peronosporosis resistance gene Pd in segregating populations originating from self-pollination of heterozygotes Pdpd is unstable and has a significant deviation from the Mendelian distribution of dominant and recessive traits in the F2 generation with monogenic inheritance. It was shown that the MAS application allows developing the stable Downy mildew resistant maintainer line cytN msms PdPd in two generations.

Relevance.The solution to the problem of providing the population of our country with high - quality plant production all year round is possible when creating high-tech automated phytotechnological complexes based on innovative, resource-saving technologies for growing plants in an artificial climate, including the development of a new generation of root inhabited thin-layer analogues of soils.Materials and methods. The research was carried out under controlled conditions of intensive artificial-light culture, when growing lettuce plants of the Typhoon variety on thin - layer analogs of soil of various composition and a low-volume soil analogue based on high-moor peat with a low degree of decomposition "Agrofit", selected as a reference for comparison, in plant growing light equipment developed at Agrophysical Institute.Results. Evaluation of the influence of thin-film analogues of the soil based on the suspensions Cambrian clay, and /or sapropel in different ratios on the production process of lettuces showed when compared with control (hydrophilic fabric): a positive tendency to increase of height, number of leaves per plant; a significant increase in wet mass by 25-35%, dry mass in 54-80%, percent dry matter in 16-36%; increase of leaf area and photosynthetic capacity at 20-36%, net productivity of photosynthesis by 16-45%; a significant or in a form of tendency to increase in the content of potassium by 14-17%, calcium by 27-35%, zinc by 29-53% and disaccharides by 28-68%. In comparison with the low-volume analogue of the soil based on high-moor peat of a low degree of decomposition "Agrophyte" (standard), it was found an increase in the form of a pronounced positive trend in growth indicators - the height and number of leaves. wet, dry mass of plants, percentage of dry matter; net productivity of photosynthesis, a reliable or in form of trend to increase in leaf area, photosynthetic potential by 20-30%; an increase in the content of mineral elements in lettuce leaves. Possible reasons for the lower productivity of lettuce plants in the control were determined, and it associated with an increase in water intake in leaf tissues against the background of the absence of additional mineral and / or organic nutrition. The content of heavy metals and nitrates did not exceed the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) in all variants. All thin-layer analogs of the soil with the application of suspensions of various compositions can be recommended for growing lettuce in any cultivation facilities in conditions of intensive artificial-light culture.

The solution to the problem of providing the population with high - quality plant production all year round is possible when creating high-tech automated phytotechnological complexes based on innovative, resource-saving technologies for growing plants in an artificial climate, including on root inhabited media of new generation, that is, soil thin layer counterparts (STC). The lettuce Typhoon variety was grown in vegetation photo installations developed at the Agrophysical Institute on STC of different composition and low-volume soil counterpart 'Agrofit' (comparison reference). Evaluation of the influence of STC based on the suspensions Cambrian clay, and /or sapropel in different ratios on the production process of lettuces showed when compared with control (hydrophilic fabric): a positive tendency to increase of height, number of leaves per plant; a significant increase in wet mass by 25-35%, dry mass in 54-80%, percent dry matter in 16-36%; increase of leaf area and photosynthetic capacity at 20-36%, net productivity of photosynthesis by 16-45%; a significant or in a form of tendency to increase in the content of potassium by 14-17%, calcium by 27-35%, zinc by 29-53% and disaccharides by 28-68%. In comparison with the reference a pronounced tendency to increasing was observed for indicators: the height and number of leaves, dry matter content, net productivity of photosynthesis, a reliable tendencious increase in leaf area, photosynthetic potential by 20-30%; an increase in the content of minerals in lettuce leaves. A relatively low productivity of lettuce plants in the control is probably associated with an increase in water intake in leaf tissues against the background of the absence of additional mineral and / or organic nutrition. The content of heavy metals and nitrates did not exceed the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) in all variants. All STC with the application of suspensions of various compositions can be recommended for growing lettuce in any cultivation facilities in conditions of intensive artificial-light culture. | Решение задачи круглогодичного обеспечения населения высококачественной растительной продукцией возможно при создании наукоемких автоматизированных фитотехкомплексов на основе инновационных, ресурсосберегающих технологий выращивания растений в условиях искусственного климата, в т.ч. на корнеобитаемых средах нового поколения – тонкослойных аналогах почвы (ТАП). Салат сорта Тайфун выращивали в вегетационных светоустановках, разработанных в Агрофизическом институте, на ТАП различного состава и малообъемном аналоге почвы 'Агрофит', (эталон сравнения). Оценка влияния ТАП на основе суспензий с кембрийской глиной и/или сапропелем в различных соотношениях на продукционный процесс растений салата по сравнению с контролем (гидрофильная ткань) показала положительную тенденцию увеличения высоты, числа листьев с растения; достоверный рост сырой массы на 25-35%, сухой массы – на 54-80%, сухого вещества – на 16-36%; увеличение площади листьев и фотосинтетического потенциала – на 20-36%, чистой продуктивности фотосинтеза – на 16-45%; достоверное или в виде положительной тенденции увеличение содержания калия – на 14-17%, кальция – на 27-35%, цинка – на 29-53% и дисахаров – на 28-68%. По сравнению с эталоном выраженную тенденцию к увеличению наблюдали для показателей: высоты и числа листьев, продуктивности, содержания сухого вещества; чистой продуктивности фотосинтеза, достоверное или в виде положительной тенденции увеличение площади листьев, фотосинтетического потенциала – на 20-30%; увеличение содержания минеральных элементов. Относительно низкая продуктивность растений салата в контроле, вероятно, связана с увеличением поступления воды в ткани листьев на фоне отсутствия дополнительного минерального и/или органического питания. Содержание тяжелых металлов и нитратов не превышало ПДК во всех вариантах. Все ТАП с нанесением суспензий различного состава могут быть рекомендованы для выращивания салата в любых культивационных сооружениях в условиях интенсивной светокультуры.

Relevance. Photosynthetic seedlings, as a model object, are interesting both in the study of nutritional value and the species response of a plant organism to the cultivation.Material and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of the laboratory analytical department of the FSBSI FSVC. The material of the research was sprouts of Brassica chinensis L., cv. Vesnyanka; Brassica oleraceae L. var. italica Plenck, cv. Tonus; Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala DC., cv. Malinovka; Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L., hybrid F1 Sonata and cv. Venskaya Belaya 1350; Brassica oleracea L. convar. capitata (L.) Alef. var. capitata L. f. rubra (L.) Thell., cv. Gako 741. The seeds of the 2018 harvest were germinated in filter paper cassettes using distilled water. The cassettes with seeds were placed in a thermostat under constant illumination and a temperature of 25°C. They have been germinated for 8 days, after which a biochemical analysis of the samples was carried out.Results. It was found out that the total content of water-soluble antioxidants in the studied of cabbage crops was in the range of concentrations from 3.58-4.57 mg-eq HA/g (wet weight). According to this indicator of 8-day-old seedlings, red cabbage variety Gako 741 was distinguished by the maximum values. The total content of antioxidants in the alcoholic extract ranged from 21.24 to 28.23 mg-eq HA/g (dry weight). The content of polyphenols – in the concentration range of 16.39-24.94 mg-eq of HA/g (dry weight). As a result of the research, direct correlations of the studied characteristics were revealed. A high correlation was shown between the content of water-soluble antioxidants and dry matter (r=0.72...0.98) and between the content of carotenoids and chlorophylls (r=0.98...0. 99).

The study was carried out on the basis of the Federal Scientific Center of Vegetable Growing. The material of the research was sprouts of Brassica chinensis L., cv. Vesnyanka; Brassica oleraceae L. var. italica Plenck, cv. Tonus; Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala DC., cv. Malinovka; Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L., hybrid F1 Sonata and cv. Venskaya Belaya 1350; Brassica oleracea L. convar. capitata (L.) Alef. var. capitata L. f. rubra (L.) Thell., cv. Gako 741. The seeds of the 2018 harvest were germinated in filter paper cassettes using distilled water. The cassettes with seeds were placed in a thermostat where they were germinated for 8 days under constant illumination and a temperature of 25 deg. C, after which a biochemical analysis of the samples was carried out. It was found out that the total content of water-soluble antioxidants in the studied of cabbage crops was in the range of concentrations from 3.58-4.57 mg-eq HA/g (wet weight). According to this indicator of 8-day-old seedlings, red cabbage variety Gako 741 was distinguished by the maximum values. The total content of antioxidants in the alcoholic extract ranged from 21.24 to 28.23 mg-eq HA/g (dry weight). The content of polyphenols was in the concentration range of 16.39-24.94 mg-eq of HA/g (dry weight). As a result of the research, high direct correlations between the content of water-soluble antioxidants and dry matter were revealed (r=0.72-0.98) and between the content of carotenoids and chlorophylls (r=0.98-0. 99). As to the high content of polyphenols and sum of antioxidants in sprouts the samples of decorative cabbage (Malinovka), kohlrabi (hybrid F1 Sonata) and red cabbage (Gako) were distinguished. | Исследование проводили на базе Федерального научного центра овощеводства. Материалом служили проростки капусты китайской (Brassica chinensis L.) – сорт Веснянка; капусты брокколи (Brassica oleraceae L. var. italica Plenck) – сорт Тонус; капусты декоративной (Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala DC.) – сорт Малиновка; капусты кольраби (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L.) – гибрид F1 Соната и сорт Венская белая 1350; капусты краснокочанной (Brassica oleracea L. convar. Capitata (L.) Alef. var. capitata L. f. rubra (L.) Thell.) – сорт Гако 741. Семена урожая 2018 г. проращивали в кассетах на фильтровальной бумаге, используя дистиллированную воду. Кассеты с семенами помещали в термостат, где проращивали в течение 8 сут при постоянном освещении и температуре 25 град. С, после чего проводили биохимический анализ проростков. Суммарное содержание водорастворимых антиоксидантов в исследованных проростках капустных культур находилось в пределах концентраций от 3,58-4,57 мг-экв ГК/г (сырой массы). По этому показателю у 8-суточных проростков максимальными значениями выделялась капуста краснокочанная. Суммарное содержание антиоксидантов в спиртовом экстракте составило от 21,24 до 28,23 мг-экв ГК/г (cухой массы), содержание полифенолов – в пределах 16,39-24,94 мг-экв ГК/г (сухой массы). В результате исследований выявлены высокие прямые корреляционные связи между содержанием водорастворимых антиоксидантов и сухого вещества (r=0,72…0,98) и между содержанием каротиноидов и хлорофиллов (r=0,98…0,99). По высокому содержанию полифенолов и суммы антиоксидантов в проростках выделились образцы капусты декоративной (сорт Малиновка), кольраби (гибрид F1 Соната) и капусты краснокочанной (сорт Гако 741).

Relevance. Pepper is a common crop both for fresh consumption and for the preparation of spices. Recently, along with the increasing popularity of C. annuum L. pepper, there is increasing interest in other species of this genus, which have a number of breeding and important properties. The most important method of enriching the gene pool of cultivated plants is distant hybridization, through which valuable traits are transferred from wild species to cultivated ones. The development of a new variety is a lengthy process, stretching over several years. In this regard, breeders have faced the challenge of obtaining pure lines to create a pepper hybrid with desired properties by applying modern biotechnological methods that will accelerate this process. One of them is the method of microspore culture, which allows mass production of haploid plants, reducing the time for creating constant parental lines.Material and methods. The aim of the work was to create an interspecific hybrid of hot pepper (C. annuum L. x C. frutescens L.) with high ornamental properties, a complex of economically valuable traits, with good taste qualities. The research was carried out in the film greenhouse of FSBSI FSVC in the Moscow region. The research material was a variety population of hot pepper Capsicum frutescens Cz-544-14, used as a paternal line, which was heterogeneous, and a pure line of C. annuum L. (Pb-551) created by classical breeding.Results. The pepper hybrid F1 Christmas bouquet was created as a result of hybridization of species parental forms obtained by different methods (biotechnological and classical). To accelerate the production of an aligned paternal form of C. frutescens L., the technology of doubled haploids through microspore culture was used. As a result, doubled haploid plants meeting the planned model (compact low habit, purple fruit colouring in technical ripeness and red in biological ripeness) were obtained. The resulting hybrid combined all the necessary economic features: high ornamentality, compactness, bouquet arrangement of fruits, high taste and aroma. Thus, the use of remote interspecific hybridization in the breeding process in combination with biotechnological approaches can accelerate the production of new forms of hot peppers that meet the demands of the market.

Cовременные биотехнологические методы, в частности метод культуры микроспор, позволяют массово получать гаплоидные растения, что сокращает время создания константных родительских линий. Целью работы было создание межвидового гибрида острого перца (C. annuum L. х C. frutescens L.) с высокими декоративными свойствами, комплексом хозяйственно ценных признаков, с хорошими вкусовыми качествами. Исследования проводили в Московской области, растения выращивали в пленочной теплице. Материалом исследований явилась сортопопуляция острого перца Capsicum frutescens Cz-544-14, использованная в качестве отцовской линии, которая была гетерогенной и чистая линия C. annuum L. (Рб-551), созданная методом классической селекции. Гибрид перца острого F1 Рождественский букет был создан в результате гибридизации видовых родительских форм, полученных различными методами (биотехнологическими и классическими). Для ускорения получения выровненной отцовской формы С. frutescens L. была использована технология удвоенных гаплоидов через культуру микроспор. В результате чего получены удвоенные гаплоидные растения, отвечающие запланированной модели (компактный низкий габитус, фиолетовая окраска плода в технической спелости и красная в биологической). Полученный гибрид сочетал все необходимые хозяйственные признаки: высокую декоративность, компактность, букетное расположение плодов, высокие вкусовые качества и аромат. Таким образом, использование в селекционном процессе отдаленной межвидовой гибридизации в сочетании с биотехнологическими подходами позволяет ускорить получение новых, форм перца острого, отвечающих запросам рынка. | Modern biotechnological methods, particular, the method of microspore culture, allow producing haploid plants in a massive way, thereby reducing the time for creating constant parental lines. The aim of the work was to create an interspecific hybrid of hot pepper (C. annuum L. x C. frutescens L.) with high ornamental properties, a complex of economically valuable traits, with good taste qualities. The research was carried out in the Moscow region. The plants were grown in a film. The research material was a variety population of hot pepper Capsicum frutescens Cz-544-14, used as a paternal line, which was heterogeneous, and a pure line of C. annuum L. (Pb-551) created by classical breeding. The pepper hybrid F1 Christmas bouquet was created as a result of hybridization of species parental forms obtained by different methods (biotechnological and classical). To accelerate the production of an aligned paternal form of C. frutescens L., the technology of doubled haploids through microspore culture was used. As a result, doubled haploid plants meeting the planned model (compact low habit, purple fruit colouring in technical ripeness and red in biological ripeness) were obtained. The resulting hybrid combined all the necessary economic features: high decorativeness, compactness, bouquet arrangement of fruits, high taste and aroma. Thus, the use of remote interspecific hybridization in the breeding process in combination with biotechnological approaches can accelerate the production of new forms of hot peppers that meet the demands of the market.

Relevance. When forcing tulips in the early spring period in conditions of protected soil, the effectiveness of fertilizers has not been sufficiently studied. Manufacturers and suppliers of planting material do not give clear recommendations on the timing and doses of the use of mineral fertilizers in the distillation process.Material and methods. The object of study was 6 varieties of tulips of the Dutch selection of the mid-early flowering period. In the experiment, a "9-degree distillation technology"was used. For mineral fertilizing of tulips, a solution of calcium nitrate – Ca(NO3)2 was used in concentrations of 0.1% and 0,2%. The repetition of the experience is fourfold. To assess the effect of fertilizing on the growth and development of tulips, the dynamics of changes in biomorphological indicators was studied: the height of the plants, the diameter of the flower, the mass of cut flowers, as well as the output of commercial products. Results. It was found that the use of calcium nitrate fertilization at a concentration of 0,2% at the early stages of plant development contributes to the formation of a larger cut in the studied varieties, characterized by a high strong stem exceeding the control by 3,83-43,8%, the formation of large peduncles with a diameter of 3,24-5,85 cm and an increase in the yield of marketable products reaching 98%. The profitability of this variant of applying calcium nitrate fertilizing is on average 42% for varieties.Results. It was found that the use of calcium nitrate fertilization at a concentration of 0,2% at the early stages of plant development contributes to the formation of a larger cut in the studied varieties, characterized by a high strong stem exceeding the control by 3,83- 43,8%, the formation of large peduncles with a diameter of 3,24-5,85 cm and an increase in the yield of marketable products reaching 98%. The profitability of this variant of applying calcium nitrate fertilizing is on average 42% for varieties.

При выгонке тюльпанов в ранневесенний период в условиях защищенного грунта эффективность удобрений недостаточно изучена. Производители и поставщики посадочного материала не дают четких рекомендаций по срокам и дозам применения минеральных удобрений в процессе выгонки. Объектом изучения послужили 6 сортов тюльпанов нидерландской селекции среднего срока цветения. В опыте применяли т.н. 9- градусную технологию выгонки. Высадку луковиц проводили в начале декабря, в конце января температуру в теплице повысили до 18 град. С и провели первую подкормку. Для минеральной подкормки тюльпанов использовали раствор нитрата кальция Ca(NO3)2 в концентрациях 0,1% (от 1 до 3 раз) и 0,2% (только 1-кратно). Повторность опыта четырехкратная. Срезать продукцию начали с середины февраля. Для оценки влияния подкормок на рост и развитие тюльпанов была изучена динамика изменения следующих биоморфологических показателей: высота растений, диаметр цветка, масса срезанных цветов, выход товарной продукции. Выявлено, что применение подкормки нитратом кальция в концентрации 0,2% на ранних этапах развития растений способствует формированию у изучаемых сортов более крупной срезки, отличающейся высоким прочным стеблем, превышающим контроль по длине на 3,83-43,8%, образованию крупных цветоносов диаметром 3,24-5,85 см и повышению выхода товарной продукции, достигающего 98%. Рентабельность данного варианта применения подкормки нитратом кальция составила в среднем по сортам 42% против 31% в контроле. Стабильно высокий выход товарной продукции был отмечен у сортов Roman Empire (93-98%), Strong Gold (96-98%) и Bullit (87-96%). | When forcing tulips in the early spring period in conditions of protected soil, the effectiveness of fertilizers has not been sufficiently studied. Manufacturers and suppliers of planting material do not give clear recommendations on the timing and doses of the use of mineral fertilizers in the distillation process. The object of study was 6 varieties of tulips of the Dutch selection of the mid-early flowering period. In the experiment, so called '9-degree distillation technology' was used. Bulbs were planted in early December, in late January the temperature in greenhouse was elevated to 16 deg. C and the first top-dressing was performed. For mineral fertilizing of tulips, a solution of calcium nitrate – Ca(NO3)2 was used in concentrations of 0.1% (from 1 to 3 times) and 0.2% (only once). The repetition of the experience is fourfold. The products were started cutting from the middle of February. To assess the effect of fertilizing on the growth and development of tulips, the dynamics of changes in the following biomorphological indicators was studied: the height of the plants, the diameter of the flower, the mass of cut flowers, as well as the output of commercial products. It was found that the use of calcium nitrate fertilization at a concentration of 0.2% at the early stages of plant development contributes to the formation of a larger cut in the studied varieties, characterized by a high strong stem exceeding the control by 3.83-43.8%, the formation of large peduncles with a diameter of 3.24-5.85 cm and an increase in the yield of marketable products reaching 98%. The profitability of this variant of applying calcium nitrate fertilizing is on average 42% for varieties. It was found that the use of calcium nitrate fertilization at a concentration of 0.2% at the early stages of plant development contributes to the formation of a larger cut in the studied varieties, characterized by a high strong stem exceeding the control in terms of length by 3.83- 43.8%, the formation of large peduncles with a diameter of 3.24-5.85 cm and an increase in the yield of marketable products reaching 98%. The profitability of this variant of applying calcium nitrate fertilizing was on average 42% against 31% in the control. A stably high commercial yield was recorded in the varieties Roman Empire (93-98%), Strong Gold (96-98%) and Bullit (87-96%).

Relevance. In accordance with the needs of the market, in 2008, a variety of zucchini Russian spaghetti with two-colored fruits was created. We faced difficulties in maintaining a high percentage of two-color forms in the variety population. To solve this problem, we studied the possibility of using markers of young zucchini leaves in the selection of forms with different fruit colors in technical ripeness.Material and conditions. The experience was started in 2005 to 2018 in the open ground on the basis of FSBSI FSVC. In the breeding nursery, research was conducted annually on 30 plants. The color of the fruit was taken into account only in the phase of technical ripeness. The best plants were propagated by incest. In the nursery breeding varieties of Russian spaghetti were sown by family. During 4 years in each family, at different stages of development, 50-100 plants were studied according to the color of the fruit and other economically useful characteristics.Results. For eleven years, incuchination and selection were carried out on two-color forms of zucchini Russian spaghetti to achieve homozygosity and, accordingly, to align the material with the color of the fruit. Some regularities of the influence of the number of integrirovanii on the color of the fruit has not been observed. Continuing to observe the plants, it was possible to establish a relationship between the color of the fruit in technical ripeness and the pattern on the lower (first) leaves. On plants with a marble pattern, the leaves were mostly green (reticulated); with yellow spots on the leaves – two-colored and with completely yellow leaves – yellow fruits. By selecting plants with yellow spots on the leaves in the early stages, in the phase of the 3-4-th real leaves, we were able to increase the percentage of plants with two-colored fruits in the population of the variety to 95.5-100%. All this greatly simplified the original seed production of zucchini Russian spaghetti.

В соответствии с потребностями рынка в 2008 г. был создан сорт кабачка цуккини Русские спагетти с двухцветными плодами. Еще на этапах селекционного процесса столкнулись со сложностями поддержания в популяции сорта высокого процента двухцветных форм. Для решения этой задачи изучали возможность использования маркерных признаков молодых листьев кабачка при отборе форм с различной окраской плода в технической спелости. Опыт был заложен в 2005-2018 гг. в Одинцовском районе Московской области в условиях открытого грунта. В селекционном питомнике исследования проводили ежегодно на 30 растениях. Окраску плодов учитывали только в фазе технической спелости. Лучшие растения размножали путем инцухтирования. В питомнике размножения сорта Русские спагетти проводили посев по семьям. В течение 4-х лет в каждой семье, в различные фазы развития, изучали 50-100 шт. растений по окраске плода и другим хозяйственно полезным признакам. В течение 11 лет проводили инцухтирование и отбор на двухцветных формах кабачка Русские спагетти для достижения гомозиготности и, соответственно, выравнивания материала по окраске плодов. Закономерностей по влиянию количества инцухтирований на окраску плодов не было отмечено. Однако в процессе наблюдений удалось установить взаимосвязь между окраской плода в технической спелости и рисунком на нижних (первых) листьях. На растениях с мраморным рисунком листа завязывались преимущественно зеленые (сетчатые); с желтыми пятнами на листьях – двухцветные и с полностью желтыми листьями – желтые плоды. Отбирая растения с желтыми пятнами на листьях на ранних стадиях (в фазу 3-4 настоящих листьев), получили возможность увеличить в популяции сорта процент растений с двухцветными плодами до 95.5-100%. Все это в значительной степени упростило оригинальное семеноводство кабачка Русские спагетти. | In accordance with the needs of the market, in 2008, a variety of zucchini Russian spaghetti with two-colored fruits was created. There were difficulties in maintaining a high percentage of two-color forms in the variety population. To solve this problem, there was studied the possibility of using markers of young zucchini leaves in the selection of forms with different fruit colors in technical ripeness. The experiment was started in 2005 to 2018 in the open ground. In the breeding nursery, research was conducted annually on 30 plants. The color of the fruit was taken into account only in the phase of technical ripeness. The best plants were propagated by inbreding. In the nursery propagating the variety Russkie Spagetti were sown in families. During 4 years in each family, at different stages of development, 50-100 plants were studied according to the color of the fruit and other economically useful characteristics. For 11 years, inbreeding selection were carried out on two-color forms of zucchini Russian spaghetti to achieve homozygosity and, accordingly, to align the material with the color of the fruit. Some regularities of the influence of the number of integrirovanii on the color of the fruit have not been observed. Continuing to observe the plants, it was possible to establish a relationship between the color of the fruit in technical ripeness and the pattern on the lower (first) leaves. On plants with a marble pattern, the leaves were mostly green (reticulated); with yellow spots on the leaves – two-colored and with completely yellow leaves – yellow fruits. By selecting plants with yellow spots on leaves in the early stages, in the phase of the 3-4-th real leaves, it was possible to increase the percentage of plants with two-colored fruits in the population of the variety to 95.5-100%. All this greatly simplified the original seed production of zucchini Russkie Spagetti.

Relevance. Among the main factors that determine the productivity of vegetable yields in protected ground, the main one is light. For the formation of 1 kg/m2 of cucumber fruits with a length of 18-22 cm, on average about 3500-4000 J/cm2 of solar radiation is required. In the winter-spring cycle, in the absence of artificial lighting in greenhouses, there is an unevenness of scattered solar radiation and a general shortage of incoming light energy. At the same time, the amount of total solar radiation required for the formation of a 1 kg of fruit ("lighting price") is not the same for different hybrids. To increase the profitability of production in the winter-spring turnover in greenhouses that are not equipped with artificial lighting, it is necessary to choose hybrids with the lowest "lighting price" of the crop, that is, hybrids that use less light energy to form a 1 kg of fruit.The purpose of the study: evaluation of F1 hybrids of cucumber on the basis of resistance to lack of lighting by comparing their "lighting price" of the crop: how much energy is spent on the formation of 1 kg of marketable products.Methods. The research was carried out at the variety testing site in the Crimean breeding Center of the Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Crop Selection "Gavrish", in the conditions of winter-spring turnover, in greenhouses not equipped with artificial lighting. We tested seven medium-fruited (18-22 cm) spined-fruited cucumber hybrids recommended for growing in winter-spring turnover.Results. The analysis of the data on the input of solar radiation and the formation of a standard yield showed that there is a direct relationship between the amount of incoming light and the level of productivity. The period of conversion of the received solar energy into the fruit harvest varied during the growing season from 14 to 8 days, depending on the degree of plant development. The "lighting price" of the crop was not the same for different hybrids: the hybrids tested in the experiment spent an average of 2900 J/cm2 per 1 kg of product, which is 18% more efficient than for standard greenhouse cucumbers.

The productivity of vegetable yields in protected ground strongly depends on illuminance. It is known that the amount of total solar radiation required for the formation of a 1 kg of fruit ('lighting price') is not the same for different hybrids. It is economically reasonable to choose hybrids that use less light energy to form a 1 kg of fruit. The purpose of the study is to evaluate F1 hybrids of cucumber on the basis of resistance to lack of lighting by comparing the lighting price of their crop. The research was carried out in 2019-2020 at the variety testing site in the Crimean Breeding Center of the Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Crop Selection 'Gavrish', in the conditions of winter-spring turnover, in greenhouses not equipped with artificial lighting. There were tested 7 medium- (18-22 cm) warty-fruited cucumber hybrids recommended for growing in winter-spring turnover. The analysis of the data on the input of solar radiation and the formation of a standard yield showed that there is a direct relationship between the amount of incoming light and the level of productivity. The period of conversion of the received solar energy into the fruit harvest varied during the growing season from 14 to 8 days, depending on the degree of plant development. The 'lighting price' of the crop was not the same for different hybrids: the hybrids tested in the experiment spent an average of 2900 J/cm2 per 1 kg of product, which is 18% more efficient than for standard varieties of greenhouse cucumbers. The hybrids F1 Lyuty, Saiber and Yary were characterized by especially low lighting price (2500-2800 J/cm2). | Продуктивность овощных культур в защищенном грунте сильно зависит от освещенности. Известно, что количество суммарной солнечной радиации, необходимое для формирования 1 кг плодов ('световая цена'), не одинаково у разных гибридов. Экономически целесообразно выбирать гибриды, использующие на формирование 1 кг плодов меньшее количество световой энергии. Цель исследования: оценка гибридов F1 огурца по признаку устойчивости к недостатку освещения при помощи сравнения 'световой цены' их урожая. Исследования проводили в 2019-2020 гг. на участке сортоиспытания в Крымском селекционном центре 'Гавриш' НИИ селекции овощных культур, в условиях зимне-весеннего оборота, в теплицах, не оборудованных искусственным освещением. Испытывали 7 бугорчатых среднеплодных (18-22 см) гибридов огурца, рекомендованных для выращивания в зимне-весенних оборотах. Проведенный анализ данных поступления солнечной радиации и формирования стандартного урожая показал, что существует прямая связь между количеством поступившего света и уровнем продуктивности. Период преобразования поступившей солнечной энергии в урожай плодов изменялся в течение вегетации от 14 до 8 суток в зависимости от степени развития растений. 'Световая цена' урожая у разных гибридов была не одинакова: на 1 кг продукции гибриды, испытанные в опыте, затратили в среднем 2900 Дж/см2, что на 18% эффективнее, чем для стандартных сортов тепличных огурцов. Особенно низкой световой ценой (2500-2800 Дж/см2) отличались гибриды F1 Лютый, Сайбер и Ярый.

The article examines the results of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy and the economy of the Russian Federation at the end of 2020. The quarantine measures introduced by the countries continue to negatively affect the economic situation in the world and the economies of individual countries. There is an acute shortage of seasonal workers in the agricultural sector of the countries of the world. The introduction of restrictions on the export of goods reduced the volume of imports. In Russia, the growth rate of imports from non-CIS countries has decreased. In January 2021, compared to January 2020, imports for food products and raw materials for their production decreased by 4.2%, and for vegetables – by 11.5%. According to the Federal Customs Service, the export of vegetables increased 3 times in terms of physical volumes and only 11% in terms of value. The growth in the physical volumes of export of products of the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation did not lead to a corresponding increase in revenue. The prices for vegetables imported into the country were 2.5-3.4 times higher than the prices for exported ones. Despite some difficulties, losses in this area due to the pandemic were minimal. The gross harvest of vegetables in the country as a whole amounted to 13.8 million tons, which is 1.7% below the level of 2019. At the same time, the gross harvest of vegetables in open ground decreased by 3.1%, vegetables in protected ground increased by 6.6%. Difficulties encountered in implementation. During the crisis period due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for vegetables fell by 30%. Consumers, in an effort to improve their immunity, began to buy more environmentally friendly and healthy products, including vegetables. The demand for organic products has grown by 15-20%. To accelerate the economic recovery, it was necessary to take additional measures on the part of states to support producers and consumers, restore purchasing power and help businesses, expand access to credit resources, stimulate investment activity, and reduce the tax burden on businesses and the population. In Russia, financial support for the main measures of state policy in the field of the agro-industrial complex is carried out within the framework of the implementation of the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and the regulation of markets for agricultural products, raw materials and food.

Рассматриваются результаты влияния пандемии COVID-19 на мировую экономику и экономику Российской Федерации по итогам 2020 г. Введённые карантинные меры продолжают негативно сказываться на экономической ситуации в мире и в отдельных странах. В аграрном секторе стран мира возник острый недостаток сезонных рабочих. Введение ограничений на экспорт товаров снизило объемы импорта и темпы роста импорта в РФ из стран дальнего зарубежья. В январе 2021 г. по сравнению с январем 2020 г. импорт по продовольственным товарам и сырью для их производства снизился на 4,2%, по овощам – на 11,5%. По данным Федеральной таможенной службы, экспорт овощей вырос в 3 раза по физическим объемам и лишь на 11% – по стоимости. Цены на ввозимые в страну овощи в 2,5-3,4 раза превышали цены на экспортируемые. Несмотря на некоторые трудности, потери в этой сфере из-за пандемии оказались минимальными. Валовой сбор овощей в целом по стране составил 13,8 млн т., что на 1,7% ниже уровня 2019 г. Валовые сборы овощей открытого грунта сократились на 3,1%, защищенного грунта - выросли на 6,6%. Возникли трудности с реализацией, т.к. из-за пандемии спрос на овощи упал на 30%. Однако потребители, стремясь повысить свой иммунитет, стали больше покупать экологически чистой продукции, в т. ч. овощной. Спрос на органическую продукцию вырос на 15-20%. Чтобы ускорить восстановление экономики, потребовалось принятие дополнительных мер со стороны государств для поддержки производителей и потребителей, восстановления покупательской способности и бизнеса, расширения доступа к кредитным ресурсам, стимулирования инвестиционной активности, сокращения налоговой нагрузки на бизнес и население. В РФ финансовое обеспечение основных мер государственной политики в сфере АПК осуществляется в рамках реализации Государственной программы развития сельского хозяйства и регулирования рынков с.-х. продукции, сырья и продовольствия. | The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy and the economy of the Russian Federation at the end of 2020 has been under study. The quarantine measures continue to negatively affect the economic situation in the world and the economies of individual countries. There is an acute shortage of seasonal workers in the agricultural sector of the countries of the world. The introduction of restrictions on the export of goods reduced the volume of imports. In Russia, the growth rate of imports from non-CIS countries has decreased. In January 2021, compared to January 2020, imports for foods and food raw materials decreased by 4.2%, and for vegetables – by 11.5%. According to the Federal Customs Service, the export of vegetables increased 3 times in terms of physical volumes and only 11% in terms of value. The prices for vegetables imported into the country were 2.5-3.4 times higher than the prices for exported ones. Despite some difficulties, losses in this area due to the pandemic were minimal. The gross harvest of vegetables in the country as a whole amounted to 13.8 million tons, which is 1.7% below the level of 2019. The gross harvest of vegetables cultivated in open ground decreased by 3.1%, vegetables in protected ground increased by 6.6%. During the crisis period due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for vegetables fell by 30%. Consumers, in an effort to improve their immunity, began to buy more environmentally friendly and healthy products, including vegetables. The demand for organic products has grown by 15-20%. To accelerate the economic recovery, it was necessary to take additional measures on the part of states to support producers and consumers, restore purchasing power and help businesses, expand access to credit resources, stimulate investment activity, and reduce the tax burden on businesses and the population. In Russia, financial support for the main measures of state policy in the field of the agro-industrial complex is carried out within the framework of the implementation of the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and the regulation of markets for agricultural products, raw materials and food.