The forest species Enterolobium schomburgkii Benth. It is a fast-growing legume with potential for use in plantations and recovery of degraded areas. Thus, knowing the nutritional demands of this species in the seedling formation stage is essential for the success of its implantation in the field. Therefore, the objective of this work is to evaluate the development of seedlings of E. schomburgkii Benth. with the application of controlled release fertilizer doses. The experiment was carried out at the seedling production nursery of the Technology Foundation of the State of Acre, from May to September 2022. The experimental design used was completely randomized, with 8 treatments and 10 replications. The treatments were at different doses of controlled release fertilizer, as follows: T1 = 0 g/L-1; T2 = 2 g/L-1; T3 = 4 g/L-1; T4 = 6 g/L-1; T5 = 8 g/L-1; T6 = 10 g/L-1; T7 = 12 g/L-1 and T8 = 14 g/L-1. The morphological parameters evaluated were the stem diameter (DC) and height (H) of the seedlings, carried out 120 days after sowing. The use of a dose of 6 g/L-1 of controlled release fertilizer indicates optimization of the production of Enterolobium schomburgkii seedlings. | The forest species Enterolobium schomburgkii Benth. It is a fast-growing legume with potential for use in plantations and recovery of degraded areas. Thus, knowing the nutritional demands of this species in the seedling formation stage is essential for the success of its implantation in the field. Therefore, the objective of this work is to evaluate the development of seedlings of E. schomburgkii Benth. with the application of controlled release fertilizer doses. The experiment was carried out at the seedling production nursery of the Technology Foundation of the State of Acre, from May to September 2022. The experimental design used was completely randomized, with 8 treatments and 10 replications. The treatments were at different doses of controlled release fertilizer, as follows: T1 = 0 g/L-1; T2 = 2 g/L-1; T3 = 4 g/L-1; T4 = 6 g/L-1; T5 = 8 g/L-1; T6 = 10 g/L-1; T7 = 12 g/L-1 and T8 = 14 g/L-1. The morphological parameters evaluated were the stem diameter (DC) and height (H) of the seedlings, carried out 120 days after sowing. The use of a dose of 6 g/L-1 of controlled release fertilizer indicates optimization of the production of Enterolobium schomburgkii seedlings.

Potassium and nitrogen are the most demanded nutrients in pasture maintenance and, therefore, the objective was to identify a combination of nitrogen and potassium that maximizes the development of Megathyrsus maximus (syn. Panicum maximum) cultivars. Four experiments were carried out in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Rondonópolis. The experiments were carried out with the cultivars Mombaça (Experiment 1 and 2) and Zuri (Experiment 3 and 4). For each tested grass, two experiments were carried out simultaneously and each experiment consisted of two nitrogen doses: 140 and 280 mg dm-3 associated with potassium doses. In all experiments, treatments consisted of five doses of potassium (0, 70, 140, 210 and 280 mg dm-3). Experimental plots were pots of 5 dm3 and the evaluations were performed when the grasses reached a height of 60 cm. Potassium did not influence the number of leaves per tiller and phyllochron of Mombaça and Zuri grasses and tiller population density of Mombasa grass. For zuri grass, regardless of nitrogen dose, there was an increase in tiller population density up to a potassium dose of 70 mg dm-3. At the nitrogen dose of 140 mg dm-3, there was an increase in the forage mass of mombaça and zuri grass up to potassium doses of 70 mg dm-3, respectively. As for the nitrogen dose of 280 mg dm-3, the highest forage mass of mombaça and zuri grass was observed at the potassium dose of 140 and 210 mg dm-3, respectively. The dry mass of each leaf blade, regardless of grass and nitrogen dose, increased up to a dose of 70 mg dm-3. For the fertilization of Megathyrsus maximus cultivars, the nitrogen:potassium combination is approximately 1.3 to 2:1. | O potássio e o nitrogênio são os nutrientes mais demandados na manutenção da pastagem e, por isso, objetivou-se identificar uma combinação de nitrogênio e potássio que maximize o desenvolvimento de cultivares de Megathyrsus maximus (sin. Panicum maximum). Foram realizados quatro experimentos em casa de vegetação na Universidade Federal de Rondonópolis. Os experimentos foram realizados com os cultivares Mombaça (Experimento 1 e 2) e Zuri (Experimento 3 e 4). Para cada capim testado, realizou-se dois experimentos simultaneamente e cada experimento consistiu em duas doses de nitrogênio: 140 e 280 mg dm-3 associadas a doses de potássio. Em todos os experimentos, os tratamentos consistiram em cinco doses de potássio (0, 70, 140, 210 e 280 mg dm-3). As parcelas experimentais foram vasos de 5 dm3 e as avaliações foram realizadas quando os capins atingiram altura de 60 cm. O potássio não influenciou o número de folhas por perfilho e filocrono dos capins Mombaça e Zuri e a densidade populacional de perfilhos do capim-mombaça. Para o capim-zuri, independente da dose de nitrogênio, houve aumento da densidade populacional de perfilhos até a dose de potásiso de 70 mg dm-3. Na dose de nitrogênio de 140 mg dm-3 evidenciou-se que houve incremento na massa de forragem do capim-mombaça e zuri até as doses de potássio de 70 mg dm-3, respectivamente. Quanto a dose de nitrogênio de 280 mg dm-3, a maior massa de forragem do capim-mombaça e zuri foi observada na dose de potássio de 140 e 210 mg dm-3, respectivamente. A massa seca de cada lâmina foliar, independente do capim e da dose de nitrogênio aumentou até a dose de 70 mg dm-3. Para a adubação de cultivares de Megathyrsus maximus, a combinação de nitrogênio:potássio é aproximadamente de 1,3 a 2:1.

In order to reduce the production cost of goat milk, different feeding strategies have been evaluated, yet little is known about the effects of these changes in physicochemical composition of dairy products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield and the physicochemical parameters of serum and Frescal type cheese produced with milk of goats fed cassava scrapings replacing corn, and alfalfa grazing in replacement of soybean meal. Eight Anglo-Nubian goats were used after lactation peak, distributed in two Latin Squares 4 x 4. The cheeses were made with individual milk of each goat to the physicochemical, performance analysis, and aceitability. The cheeses of the treatments used did not differ in fat, protein, total solids, acidity, humidity and ash, pH and yield levels. The milk produced by goats fed cassava scrapings and alfalfa can be used in the manufacture of Minas Frescal type cheeses without harming the yield and the physicochemical composition. The sensory acceptance tests indicated no difference in off flavor and texture between cheeses made with different diets, showing that the substitution of cassava scrapings and grazing on alfalfa do not produce changes that may be perceived by the tasters, therefore their use becomes an alternative for products of milk and goat cheese. | Com vista à redução do custo de produção do leite caprino, diversas estratégias alimentares têm sido avaliadas, porém pouco se sabe dos efeitos dessas alterações na composição físico-química dos derivados do leite. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o rendimento e os parâmetros físico-químicos do soro e do queijo tipo Frescal fabricado com leite de cabras alimentadas com raspas de mandioca em substituição ao milho e em pastejo de alfafa em substituição ao farelo de soja e sua aceitabilidade pelos consumidores. Foram utilizadas oito cabras Anglo-Nubianas após o pico de lactação, distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4. Os queijos foram confeccionados com leite individual de cada cabra para as análises físico-químicas, rendimento e teste de aceitabilidade pelos consumidores. O soro e os queijos dos tratamentos utilizados não apresentaram diferenças nos teores de gordura, proteína, sólidos totais, acidez, umidade e cinzas, no pH e rendimento. Os testes sensoriais indicaram não haver diferença na aceitação sensorial de sabor e textura entre os queijos produzidos, mostrando que a substituição de raspa de mandioca e pastejo em alfafa não produzem alterações que possam ser percebidas pelos provadores, portanto a utilização dos mesmos se torna uma alternativa para os produtos de leite e queijo de cabra.

Part of the mammary gland microbial infections are imperceptible to the milker. The prevention through hygienic-sanitary measures is thought as an efficient strategy to avoid mastitis. Evaluating whether the adoption of pre-dipping and post-dipping hygienic managements have significant effects with the use of the black background mug and California Mastitis Tests, individualized by post-dipping. The properties have the same breed, similar food management and common location, both in the rural area of Teresina. The only difference between them is the performance or not of the handlings that include pre-dipping and post-dipping. So, performing the minimum protocols or not caused the treatments to have a completely randomized delineation. Statistical analysis was obtained through the use of the packages “dplyr”, “rstatix” and “ggplot2”, available in Software R (2022). The compliance verification of the least squares method in relation to the normal distribution of data was performed through the Shapiro Wilk test, using the “byf.shapiro” procedure of the “RVAdeMemoire” package. Data did not present normal or Gausean distribution, so non-parametric statistics were resorted. To discriminate the difference, the post-hoc test by Dunn's test with p-value adjustment by Bomferroni's method. It was noted that the right rear teat presented milk without changes in lumps, color, and others in farm “A”, that the pre-dipping and post-dipping were performed. | Part of the mammary gland microbial infections are imperceptible to the milker. The prevention through hygienic-sanitary measures is thought as an efficient strategy to avoid mastitis. Evaluating whether the adoption of pre-dipping and post-dipping hygienic managements have significant effects with the use of the black background mug and California Mastitis Tests, individualized by post-dipping. The properties have the same breed, similar food management and common location, both in the rural area of Teresina. The only difference between them is the performance or not of the handlings that include pre-dipping and post-dipping. So, performing the minimum protocols or not caused the treatments to have a completely randomized delineation. Statistical analysis was obtained through the use of the packages “dplyr”, “rstatix” and “ggplot2”, available in Software R (2022). The compliance verification of the least squares method in relation to the normal distribution of data was performed through the Shapiro Wilk test, using the “byf.shapiro” procedure of the “RVAdeMemoire” package. Data did not present normal or Gausean distribution, so non-parametric statistics were resorted. To discriminate the difference, the post-hoc test by Dunn's test with p-value adjustment by Bomferroni's method. It was noted that the right rear teat presented milk without changes in lumps, color, and others in farm “A”, that the pre-dipping and post-dipping were performed.

Coffea arabica L. is responsible for 81% of the coffee cultivation area in Brazil and has great economic and social importance in the regions it is cultivated. Producing vigorous seedlings in a short period of time has become an increasing challenge in coffee growing. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the initial development of seedlings produced in bags and polyethylene tubes with different levels of vermiculite. A 2x5 factorial scheme was used; the factors were: two containers: polyethylene bags (containing standard substrate, subsoil and manure (7:3) and tubes (commercial substrate based on pine bark) and addition of vermiculite, at levels 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. In each type of substrate, the respective amounts of vermiculite were added. The variables analyzed were shoot height, root length, stem diameter, number of leaf pairs, shoot and root fresh and dry matter. Based on the results obtained, it was observed that the seedlings produced in polyethylene bags showed higher significant averages for all evaluated parameters, showing greater vigor and initial development than seedlings produced in tubes. The seedlings produced in bags responded positively to the increase in vermiculite for all analyzed parameters, whereas those produced in tubes show the opposite behavior.   | Coffea arabica L. is responsible for 81% of the coffee cultivation area in Brazil and has great economic and social importance in the regions it is cultivated. Producing vigorous seedlings in a short period of time has become an increasing challenge in coffee growing. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the initial development of seedlings produced in bags and polyethylene tubes with different levels of vermiculite. A 2x5 factorial scheme was used; the factors were: two containers: polyethylene bags (containing standard substrate, subsoil and manure (7:3) and tubes (commercial substrate based on pine bark) and addition of vermiculite, at levels 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. In each type of substrate, the respective amounts of vermiculite were added. The variables analyzed were shoot height, root length, stem diameter, number of leaf pairs, shoot and root fresh and dry matter. Based on the results obtained, it was observed that the seedlings produced in polyethylene bags showed higher significant averages for all evaluated parameters, showing greater vigor and initial development than seedlings produced in tubes. The seedlings produced in bags responded positively to the increase in vermiculite for all analyzed parameters, whereas those produced in tubes show the opposite behavior. Keywords: Polyethylene bags; Tubes; Seedling production; coffee growing.

Microalgae are heterogeneous, versatile worldwide available microorganisms. Its use has been described in several areas, with several objectives, especially in the remediation of residues of different origins. In this article, a bibliographic survey of papers published in high impact journals is presented, using the keywords “chlorococcum” and “bioproducts” as search criteria. Subsequently, these works were filtered, considering only those published in journals with an impact factor equal to or greater than 5. Finally, the results were screened to separate research articles from review articles. After researching three databases and screening articles, 238 works were obtained, including reviews and research articles. At the end of the filters, the final number of articles used in the report was 128 papers. After analysis, it was possible to perceive the recent growth of interest in the use of microalgae for the remediation of wastewater and other residues, as well as for the production of molecules of interest, mainly carotenoids, and also the use of this biomass for the production of fuels, in especially biodiesel. | As microalgas são microrganismos heterogêneos, versáteis e disponíveis em todo o mundo. Seu uso tem sido descrito em várias áreas, com vários objetivos, especialmente na remediação de resíduos de variadas origens. Neste artigo, é apresentado um levantamento bibliográfico de trabalhos publicados em periódicos de alto impacto, utilizando como critério de pesquisa as palavras chave “chlorococcum” e “bioproducts”. Posteriormente, esses trabalhos foram filtrados, sendo considerados apenas aqueles publicados em revistas com fator de impacto igual ou superior a 5. Por último, foi realizada uma triagem dos resultados para separar artigos de pesquisa de artigos de revisão. Foram obtidos, após a pesquisa em três bases de dados e triagem, 238 trabalhos, entre revisões e artigos de pesquisa. Ao fim dos filtros, o número final de artigos utilizados no relatório foi de 128 trabalhos. Após análise, pôde-se perceber o crescimento recente do interesse do uso de microalgas para remediação de águas residuárias e outros resíduos, bem como para a produção de moléculas de interesse, principalmente carotenoides, e também do uso dessa biomassa para produção de combustíveis, em especial o biodiesel.

Brazil has a great biodiversity of plants, used by the population as herbal medicines, of which the watercress Nasturtium officinale stands out, which is mainly used for human consumption, with its aerial part being the most used. The objective of this work was to evaluate the emergence and initial growth of watercress Nasturtium officinale in different types of substrates. The research was carried out at the Department of Technology and Social Sciences at the State University of Bahia. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, with the treatments: T1 sand, T2 manure/sand (2:1), T3 sand/sawdust (2:1), T4 manure/sawdust (2:1), and T5 commercial substrate and ten replicates, totaling 50 samples. The evaluated variables were: seedling emergence, number of leaves, root length (cm), fresh mass of shoots and dry mass of shoots. Treatment 5 showed greater efficiency and uniformity in the percentage of emergence and when evaluating the averages of the variable number of leaves, fresh mass and dry mass of the aerial part, treatment 5 presented a statistically significant difference from the other treatments and when evaluating the root length the treatment 3 and 5 had the best averages. | O Brasil apresenta uma grande biodiversidade de vegetais, aproveitadas pela população como fitoterápicos, dos quais se destaca o agrião Nasturtium officinale, o mesmo é aproveitado principalmente para o consumo humano, sendo a sua parte aérea a mais aproveitada. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a emergência e o crescimento inicial do agrião Nasturtium officinale em diferentes tipos de substratos. A pesquisa foi realizada no Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciências Sociais da Universidade do Estado da Bahia. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, sendo os tratamentos: T1 areia, T2 esterco/ areia (2:1), T3 areia /pó de serra (2:1), T4 esterco/pó de serra (2:1), e T5 substrato comercial e dez repetições, totalizando 50 amostras. As variáveis avaliadas foram: emergência das plântulas, número de folhas, comprimento da raiz (cm), massa fresca da parte aérea e massa seca da parte aérea. O Tratamento 5 apresentou maior eficiência e uniformidade na porcentagem de emergência e quando avaliadas as medias da variável número de folhas, massa fresca e massa seca da parte aérea, o tratamento 5 apresentou diferença estatística significativa dos demais tratamentos e quando avaliado o comprimento da raiz o tratamento 3 e 5 apresentaram as melhores médias.

Resin tapping is an activity designed to extract resin from trees, especially species of the genus Pinus. Current systems of tapping and collecting resin are well known, but further study is needed to make these systems more efficient and profitable for producers. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of five resin tapping systems during five different collection periods on the production and growth of resin trees for a population of Pinus elliottii var. elliottii planted in Itapetininga, SP. Resining affects tree growth, especially in diameter. Results showed that system 4, with eight panels on each plant and four on each side, presented the highest average production of resin per tree, while system 1, with 2 panels on each plant and 1 on each side, presented the lowest average resin production per tree. It was concluded that resin production is dependent on the system employed, time of collection, and their interactions. | Resin tapping is an activity designed to extract resin from trees, especially species of the genus Pinus. Current systems of tapping and collecting resin are well known, but further study is needed to make these systems more efficient and profitable for producers. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of five resin tapping systems during five different collection periods on the production and growth of resin trees for a population of Pinuselliottii var. elliottii planted in Itapetininga, SP. Resining affects tree growth, especially in diameter. Results showed that system 4, with eight panels on each plant and four on each side, presented the highest average production of resin per tree, while system 1, with 2 panels on each plant and 1 on each side, presented the lowest average resin production per tree. It was concluded that resin production is dependent on the system employed, time of collection, and their interactions

Knowledge about tolerance to water stress is important to choose the grass appropriately according to the different edaphoclimatic conditions. Therefore, the objective of this research was to verify the tolerance of hybrids of Brachiaria spp. stress due to water deficit and flooding. Experiment was done in a greenhouse, in completely randomized experimental design, with twelve treatments, in a 4x3 factorial scheme, and three replications. Treatments adopted were four grasses, three hybrids of Brachiaria spp. (Camello, Cayana, Cayman) and B. humidicola cv. Llanero, which were submitted to three water conditions (water deficit, without water stress and flooding). Grasses were subjected to water stress for 47 days and during this period two evaluations were performed. For all grasses, the water deficit led to a reduction in the tillers number and the water deficit and flooding promoted a reduction in the leaves number, with a greater impact on the water deficit. Flooding did not compromise the forage mass of Brachiaria humidicola cv. Llanero, which demonstrated the tolerance of this grass to this water stress. For all hybrids, there was a reduction in forage mass production when subjected to water stress (deficit and flooding). Water deficit promoted lower forage mass than flooding for all hybrids studied, with the exception of Cayana, which was equally affected by water deficit and flooding. Water deficit reduced the root mass of all grasses, while flooding reduced the root mass of Camello and Cayana grasses. It was observed that Brachiaria humidicola cv. Llanero and Cayman grass have greater tolerance to flooding, since in this condition there was no reduction in root mass. Therefore, none of the hybrids is tolerant to water deficit and Cayman is the hybrid with the highest tolerance to flooding | O conhecimento sobre a tolerância ao estresse hídrico é importante para escolher adequadamente o capim conforme às diversas condições edafoclimáticas. Diante disso, o objetivo com esta pesquisa foi verificar a tolerância de híbridos de Brachiaria spp. ao estresse por déficit hídrico e alagamento. O experimento ocorreu em casa de vegetação, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com doze tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 4x3, e três repetições. Os tratamentos adotados foram quatro capins, sendo três híbridos de braquiária (Camello, Cayana, Cayman) e B. humidicola cv. Llanero, que foram submetidos a três condições hídricas (déficit hídrico, sem estresse hídrico e alagamento). As gramíneas foram submetidas ao estresse hídrico por 47 dias e neste período foram realizadas duas avaliações. Para todos os capins, o déficit hídrico acarretou redução no número de perfilhos e o déficit hídrico e o alagamento promoveram redução no número de folhas, com maior impacto para o déficit hídrico. O alagamento não comprometeu a massa de forragem da Brachiaria humidicola cv. Llanero, o que demonstrou a tolerância deste capim a este estresse hídrico. Para todos os híbridos, houve a redução da produção de massa de forragem quando submetidos ao estresse hídrico (déficit e alagamento). O deficit hídrico promoveu menor massa de forragem que o alagamento para todos os híbridos estudados, com exceção do Cayana, que foi afetado de modo igual pelo déficit hídrico e alagamento.  O déficit hídrico reduziu a massa de raízes de todos os capins, enquanto o alagamento reduziu a massa de raízes dos capins Camello e Cayana. Observou-se que a Brachiaria humidicola cv. Llanero e o capim Cayman apresentam maior tolerância ao alagamento, visto que nesta condição não houve redução na massa de raízes. Por isso, nenhum dos híbridos tem tolerância ao déficit hídrico e o Cayman é o híbrido com maior tolerância ao alagamento.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro mycelial growth of Bipolaris bicolor isolates and to analyze the in vitro production of B. bicolor conidia in different light regimes (0 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours) at 25ºC. The isolates used to carry out this work are part of the phytopathogenic fungi collection of the UEG Phytopathology Laboratory, Ipameri Unit. The bones were reactivated for this experiment using BDA (Potato Dextrose Agar). For mycelial growth evaluations, through mycelium discs that were evaluated daily until the fifth day after inoculation (DAI) and for sporulation, after a last reading of radial growth, as plates were evaluated for quantification of spore production of B bicolor The experimental design used was completely randomized (DIC), with five replications for each treatment and the data were selected for analysis of variance and test of variance test (P≤0.05), with the aid of the Sisvar 5.6 software. The mycelial growth of two different isolates of B. bicolor was indifferent to the light regimes and the conidia production of B. bicolor was superior in the light regimes of 12 and 24 h. | O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento micelial in vitro de isolados de Bipolaris bicolor e analisar a produção in vitro de conídios de B. bicolor em diferentes regimes de luz (0 hora, 12 horas e 24 horas) a uma temperatura de 25ºC. Os isolados utilizados para a realização deste trabalho fazem parte da Coleção de fungos fitopatogênicos do Laboratório de Fitopatologia da UEG, Unidade de Ipameri. Os mesmos foram reativados para a realização deste experimento, em meio BDA (Agar Batata Dextrose). Foram avaliados o crescimento micelial, através de discos de micélio que foram avaliados diariamente até o quinto dia após a inoculação (DAI) e para a esporulação, após a última leitura do crescimento radial, as placas foram aproveitadas para quantificação de produção de esporos de B. bicolor. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com cinco repetições para cada tratamento e os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste Scott-Knott (P≤0,05), com o auxílio do software Sisvar 5.6. O crescimento micelial dos diferentes isolados de B. bicolor foi indiferente quanto aos regimes de luz e a produção de conídios de B. bicolor foi superior nos regimes de luz de 12 e 24 h.