Relevance. Oxidative reactions (based on peroxidase activity, POX and polyphenol oxidase, PPO; hydrogen peroxide content) that occur in response to infection or reinfection of the off-spring of infected plants depend on the type of host-virus interaction (sensitive, tolerant, stable) and the nature of the interaction with viral infection (primary infection, reinfection of second and third generations).Results. Reinfection with tomato aspermy virus (TАV) or tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) of the off-spring of third infected tomato generation caused a significant decrease in POX activity compared to successive generations of infected plants (G2) for Craigella (Tm-22/Tm- 22) and S. pimpinellifolium genotypes or an increase for Rufina and Craigella (Tm-1/Tm-1) ones. In genotypes containing resistance genes, Rufina and Craigella, no differences were observed in PPO of TMV primary infection and control, while significant differences were found in case of TAV (susceptibility). As a result of TMV infection, the sensitive (Elvira) and tolerant (S. pimpinellifolium) genotypes showed an increase in PPO values compared to the control. At the same time, in most genotypes primarily / secondarily infected with TAV or TMV, statistically significant differences were revealed in the activity of POX or PPO, as well as the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in plant leaves, which indicates specific protective reactions of the genotypes.

Relevance, material and methods. Purpose of the work: comparative assessment of the content of the sum of phenolic compounds exhibiting antioxidant activity in various organs of herbaceous capers C. herbacea Willd. The 4 samples of C. herbaceawere collected from natural populations of Dagestan during the flowering and fruiting phases in the summer of 2019. The collected raw materials were divided into fractions (organs), dried in the shade to an air-dry mass, then subjected to further analysis to determine the total content of flavonoids, anthocyanins by the spertrophotometric method on SF-56; the total content of antioxidants by the amperometric method on the instrument of express analysis "Color-Yauza-001-AAA ".Results. During the analysis, good indicators were obtained for the content of the studied compounds. Thus, in terms of the content of flavonoids, the greatest variation is seen in the stems of herbaceous capers (0.34-0.86%) compared to their content in leaves and inflorescences (2.67-2.97% and 2.45-2.90%, respectively). The amount of anthocyanins varies in all organs within the range of 0.05-0.23%. The smallest spread is observed in the total content of antioxidants in the fruits of herbaceous capers (21.35-21.40 mg/l), while in inflorescences this indicator varies greatly (27.44-42.19 mg/l). It is noteworthy that the samples with a high value of antioxidants showed a low content of flavonoids, thereby indicating that flavonoids are not the main components in the antioxidant system of the studied caper species. An important condition determining the variability of the content of phenolic compounds in various plant organs is a complex of abiotic environmental factors. The study of this factor (altitude gradient) revealed a significant relationship with the accumulation of flavonoids in all organs, which has a multi-vector nature (correlation coefficient r*= 0.57; 0.56; -0.47), respectively, in stems, leaves, and inflorescences (P<0,05). A positive relationship in the accumulation of anthocyanins is observed with the height in caper leaves. In all other cases, the connection is random. In addition, the analysis of variance revealed that a large difference in the variability of the studied compounds is observed between individual groups of plants in the absence of intragroup variability.

Relevance. Among the main factors that determine the productivity of vegetable yields in protected ground, the main one is light. For the formation of 1 kg/m2 of cucumber fruits with a length of 18-22 cm, on average about 3500-4000 J/cm2 of solar radiation is required. In the winter-spring cycle, in the absence of artificial lighting in greenhouses, there is an unevenness of scattered solar radiation and a general shortage of incoming light energy. At the same time, the amount of total solar radiation required for the formation of a 1 kg of fruit ("lighting price") is not the same for different hybrids. To increase the profitability of production in the winter-spring turnover in greenhouses that are not equipped with artificial lighting, it is necessary to choose hybrids with the lowest "lighting price" of the crop, that is, hybrids that use less light energy to form a 1 kg of fruit.The purpose of the study: evaluation of F1 hybrids of cucumber on the basis of resistance to lack of lighting by comparing their "lighting price" of the crop: how much energy is spent on the formation of 1 kg of marketable products.Methods. The research was carried out at the variety testing site in the Crimean breeding Center of the Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Crop Selection "Gavrish", in the conditions of winter-spring turnover, in greenhouses not equipped with artificial lighting. We tested seven medium-fruited (18-22 cm) spined-fruited cucumber hybrids recommended for growing in winter-spring turnover.Results. The analysis of the data on the input of solar radiation and the formation of a standard yield showed that there is a direct relationship between the amount of incoming light and the level of productivity. The period of conversion of the received solar energy into the fruit harvest varied during the growing season from 14 to 8 days, depending on the degree of plant development. The "lighting price" of the crop was not the same for different hybrids: the hybrids tested in the experiment spent an average of 2900 J/cm2 per 1 kg of product, which is 18% more efficient than for standard greenhouse cucumbers.

The most important task for the sustainable development of modern agriculture is to increase the biological diversity of cultivated crops. In recent years, due to global climate change, the possibilities of using more thermophilic crops in new agro-ecological zones have expanded. The problem of increasing the biological diversity of vegetable products largely depends on the introduction of non-traditional plant species, with a simultaneous assessment of the initial material for its use in economically useful purposes and the creation of varieties and hybrids adapted to local conditions. In this regard, Nigella L. is of great interest among rare plant species. It is one of the most famous spicy-aromatic crops in the Mediterranean and Central Asia, possessing a wide range of biologically active compounds and unique medicinal properties. The review article provides information on the origin, biological characteristics and breeding of the culture. A brief review of food, medicinal and other economically useful properties is given, as well as the main elements of the technology for growing nigella are considered. It is shown that the cultivation of this culture will provide an opportunity to expand the range of non-traditional plants and be a promising renewable source of valuable plant raw materials, which will find application in various fields: in agriculture, in the food, pharmaceutical, perfumery and cosmetic industries, as well as in ornamental gardening.

Relevance. Shallots are an independent botanical species. It easily crosses with onions, has a medium-sized bulb, keeps well, gives rich greens. Shallot and onion hybrids have a higher yield, less nesting, and a large bulb mass. Work on the creation of interspecific hybrids of shallots and onions has been under way since 2000.Methods. The aim of the research was to study the hybrids of Allium ascalonicum L. x Allium cepa L. and Allium cepa L. x Allium ascalonicum L. by a complex of characters in comparison with their maternal forms. Samples from the Urals were taken as initial forms for hybridization.Results. 268 promising hybrids were obtained, of which 33 were selected for further study. The results of the study showed the advantage of hybrid forms, where shallots were the parent form. A significant advantage of hybrids over parental forms was revealed in terms of yield, average and maximum bulb weight.

Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Federal Scientific Vegetable Center' (FSBSI FSVC) is the leader in the field of selection and seed production of vegetable crops. The main mission of the selection and seed-growing work of the FSVC is the creation and reproduction of varieties and hybrids of vegetable and melon crops of a new generation, characterized by resistance to both abiotic and biotic stressors, high productivity and product quality. Success has been achieved in the creation of homozygous lines of cabbage, squash, cucumber, carrots. For the first time, it was possible to complete a full cycle of obtaining doubled radish haploids in microspore culture in vitro. The immunological research on the resistance of crops and new varieties to diseases are carried out, as well as plant pest and disease control methods are developed. Phytosanitary monitoring, assessment and selection of resistant genotypes are carried every years. The environmentally friendly products based on preparations obtained from plants with a high content of biologically active compounds having adaptogenic properties are developed. A new research direction in the center is the creation of vegetable crop varieties having increased content of biologically active substances and antioxidants, on the basis of which functional products are created. The keeping quality of modern varieties and hybrids of table carrots depending on the biochemical composition has been studied. Methods for enriching vegetable plants with micronutrients are being developed. The technologies for the cultivation and seed production of new varieties and hybrids are created. There were established the branches located in different soil and climatic conditions to study the interaction of factors controlling soil fertility and the productivity of vegetable crops in agrocoenoses (crop rotation; tillage, fertilizer application and plant protection systems). In general, all work of the FSBSI FSVC is aimed at developing and improving methods in breeding and seed production of vegetable crops, creating new breeding achievements and developing varietal technologies for their cultivation. | Федеральное государственное бюджетной научное учреждение 'Федеральный научный центр овощеводства' (ФГБНУ ФНЦО) – лидер в области селекции и семеноводства овощных культур. Основная цель селекционно-семеноводческой работы этой организации – создание и размножение сортов и гибридов овощебахчевых культур нового поколения, отличающихся устойчивостью к абиотическим и биотическим стрессорам, высокой продуктивностью и качеством продукции. Успехи достигнуты в создании гомозиготных линий капусты, кабачка, огурца, моркови. Впервые удалось завершить полный цикл получения удвоенных гаплоидов редиса в культуре микроспор in vitrо. Ведутся иммунологические исследования устойчивости культур и новых сортов к заболеваниям, разрабатываются методы защиты растений от вредителей и болезней. Ежегодно проводится фитосанитарный мониторинг, оценка и отбор устойчивых генотипов. Идет разработка экологически безопасных средств на основе препаратов, полученных из растений с высоким содержанием биологически активных соединений-адаптогенов. Новое направление исследований – создание сортов овощных растений с повышенным содержанием биологически активных веществ и антиоксидантов, для производства продуктов функционального назначения. Изучается хранимоспособность современных сортов и гибридов моркови столовой в зависимости от биохимического состава. Разрабатываются способы обогащения овощных культур микронутриентами. Создаются технологии возделывания и семеноводства новых сортов и гибридов. На филиалах ФГБНУ ФНЦО, расположенных в различных почвенно-климатических условиях, заложены стационары по изучению взаимодействия факторов управления плодородием почв и продуктивностью овощных культур в агроценозах (севооборот, системы обработки почв, удобрений и защиты растений). В целом, исследования ФГБНУ ФНЦО направлены на разработку и усовершенствование приемов в селекции и семеноводстве овощных культур, создание новых селекционных достижений и разработку сортовых технологий их возделывания.

The development of ideas about the influence of the light environment (the radiation spectrum, intensity and duration of exposure) on the physiology of plants, serves as the basis for the creation of effective light sources for protected ground. The purpose of the work is comparative test of the influence of a light environment with different spectral composition on the productivity and quality of tomatoes. Investigations were made under controlled conditions of intensive photoculture when growing dwarf tomatoes of the variety Natasha bred in the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center on thin-layer soil counterparts (TSC) with the supply of a nutrient solution to the plant roots through a slit capillary in vegetative light installations developed at the Agrophysical Research Institute. The light sources were high-pressure sodium lamps and LED lamps SD1, SD2, and SD3 with different emission spectra (yellow, pink and close to solar, respectively). Tomatoes plants illuminated during development with HPS lamps formed an average yield of 8.5 kg/m2. The plants grown under LED lamps exhibited a tendency to lower productivity (less by 29% under SD1 and by 8% under SD2) and to higher (more by 19%) under underSD3 compared to that under HPS lamps. A comparative assessment of the biochemical composition of tomato fruits indicates their high quality under all tested light sources irrespective of light sources. It has been concluded that the best productivity (10.5 kg/m2) with good quality products is achieved by cultivating dwarf tomato varieties on TSC under LED lamps SD3 having a radiation spectrum maximum close to sunlight. | Развитие представлений о влиянии световой среды (спектра излучения, интенсивности и продолжительности воздействия) на физиологию растений служит основой для создания эффективных источников света для защищенного грунта. Цель работы - сравнительное испытание влияния световой среды с различным спектральным составом на продуктивность и качество томатов. Исследования проводили в регулируемых условиях интенсивной светокультуры при выращивании томата карликового сорта Наташа, выведенного в Федеральном центре овощеводства, на тонкослойных аналогах почвы (ТАП) с подачей питательного раствора к корням растений по щелевому капилляру в вегетационных светоустановках, разработанных Агрофизическим НИИ. Источниками света служили натриевые лампы высокого давления и светодиодные светильники СД1, СД2 и СД3 с различными спектрами излучения (соответственно, желтым, розовым и близким к солнечному). Растения томата, освещаемые в процессе развития лампами ДНаЗ, сформировали в среднем урожайность 8,5 кг/м2. Растения, выращенные под светодиодными светильниками, показали тенденцию к более низкой продуктивности (меньше на 29% под СД1 и на 8% под СД2) и к более высокой (больше на 19%) под СД3 по сравнению с таковой под лампами ДНаЗ. Сравнительная оценка биохимического состава плодов томата свидетельствует о высоком их качестве вне зависимости от источника света. Сделан вывод, что наилучшая продуктивность (10,5 кг/м2) при хорошем качестве продукции достигается при культивировании карликовых сортов томата на ТАП под светодиодными светильниками СД3, спектр излучения которых максимально близок к солнечному свету.

Потери урожая с.-х. культур связаны не только с развитием болезней в процессе вегетации, но и при послеуборочном хранении. Чеснок является популярной овощной и пряно-ароматической культурой во многих странах мира. Значительные потери урожая чеснока при выращивании и хранении связаны с грибными патогенами, наиболее вредоносными из которых являются представители р. Fusarium. В Московской области поражение посевов чеснока фузариозом проявляется ежегодно, но с различной интенсивностью. В Федеральном научном центре овощеводства было показано, что гнили и увядание растений чеснока вызывается комплексом патогенных грибов, включающим преимущественно различные виды Fusarium. При этом соотношение видов Fusarium в патогенном комплексе изменяется от года к году, регистрируются новые виды Fusarium и их расы. Цель работы - определение грибных фитопатогенов, вызывающих сухую гниль зубков чеснока при послеуборочном хранении. Для проведения работы из хранилища были взяты луковицы чеснока сортов Дубковский и Стрелец. В результате визуального осмотра были выявлены зубки с симптомами сухой гнили. Пораженные ткани зубков были помещены на картофельно-декстрозный агар для получения грибных колоний. Анализ морфолого-культуральных признаков грибных изолятов, а также нуклеотидных последовательностей 4 участков ДНК (спейсеры ITS, гены EF1а, RPB1 и RPB2) показал, что возбудителем сухой гнили зубков чеснока является патогенный гриб Fusarium proliferatum. Дополнительно в полевых условиях была проведена идентификация на основе анализа последовательностей спейсеров ITS и гена EF1а фитопатогенных грибов, обитающих в ризосфере растений чеснока. В результате были обнаружены 2 вида грибов р. Fusarium (F. proliferatum и F. oxysporum f. sp. сepae), а также виды Rhizoctonia solani, Volutella rosea и Ceratobasidium sp. | Crop yield losses are associated not only with disease ocurence during the growing season, but also during post-harvest storage. Garlic is a popular vegetable and aromatic crop in the world. Significant losses in garlic yield during cultivation and storage are associated with fungal pathogens, the most harmful of which are representatives of the genus Fusarium. In the Moscow region, the garlic crops are affected by Fusarium annually, but with varying intensity. At the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (FSVC), it was shown that rot and wilting of garlic plants is caused by a complex of pathogenic fungi, including mainly different Fusarium species. At the same time, the ratio of Fusarium species in the pathogenic complex changes from year to year, new Fusarium species and their races are registered. The aim of this study was to identify fungal phytopathogens causing dry rot of garlic cloves during post-harvest storage. To carry out the work, garlic bulbs of cultivars 'Dubkovsky' and 'Strelets' were taken from the FSVC storage. As a result of visual examination, cloves with symptoms of dry rot were identified. The diseased cloves tissues were plated on potato dextrose agar to obtain fungal colonies. Analysis of the morphological and cultural characteristics of fungal isolates, as well as the nucleotide sequences of four DNA regions (ITS spacers, genes EF1alpha, RPB1, and RPB2) showed that the causative agent of dry rot of garlic cloves is the pathogenic fungus Fusarium proliferatum. In addition, in the field, identification was carried out based on the analysis of the sequences of spacers ITS and the EF1 alpha gene of phytopathogenic fungi inhabiting the root zone of garlic plants. As a result, two species of fungi of the genus Fusarium (F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae), as well as the species Rhizoctonia solani, Volutella rosea, and Ceratobasidium sp. were found out there.