Role of the protein overexpression is very important in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and prognosis of neoplasia. Cases of overexpression of p53 and Ki67 proteins were investigated in 19 ocular squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) in dairy cows. Microscopically, insix cases the tumors were carcinoma in situ (noninvasive carcinoma, G0), and in the remaining 13 cases the tumors were invasive carcinoma. The distribution of invasive carcinoma was as follows: G1, 1 (7.6%); G2, 1 (7.6%); G3, 3 (23.0%); G4, 8 (61.8%). Of the 19 tumors, 18 were immunoreactive for p53 (++), and 14 showed Ki67 expression (++). A significant positive correlation was found between the percentage of p53 stained nuclei and the degree of differentiation. The Ki67 index showed a significant negative correlation with the histological pattern, where the greatest proliferation was found in the most poorly differentiated OSCC. As in human squamous cell carcinoma(SCC), p53 overexpression is frequent in bovine OSCC, providing support for a possible role of the protein in the pathogenesis of this neoplasm.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a common household plant grows in many parts of the world, including Iran. Rosemary leaves are used in folk medicine as an antispasmodic, analgesic, diuretic and ntiepileptic agent. The objective of this study was to investigate the antinociceptive mechanisms of rosemary extract using a writhing test as a model of visceral pain. Possible antinociceptive mechanisms were explored by testing the effects of naloxone (nonselective opioid antagonist), cyproheptadine (nonselective serotonin antagonist), Chicago sky blue 6B (inhibitor of glutamate uptake) and bicuculline (GABAA antagonist) on rosemary extract-induced antinociception. Results showed that rosemary extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) induces antinociceptive effects in a dose-dependent manner (p< .001). Pre-treatment with naloxone and bicuculline significantly reduced this effect (from 61.04% to 27.56%, and from 60.31% to 42.09%, respectively; p

Low nutritive value and suitability of barley as a feedstuff for broilers is mainly due to its non-starch polysaccharides. An experiment was carried out to evaluate if diets high in barley alter the mechanisms responsible for the absorption of nutrients across the intestinal epithelium of broilers, using D-xylose absorption test. Thirty, 14-d old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) with similar body weights (430g ± 10) were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 birds, each bird as one replicate. Each group was offered a diet based on maize, high quality wheat or barley as the main source of carbohydrate, for 14 days. On the last day of the experiment, all birds were weighed individually and Dxylose absorption test was performed. Following the test, all birds were sacrificed and the relative size and weight of digestive tract were measured. Those birds fed on barley diet had lower weight gain when compared with maize or wheat fed birds (p0.05). No difference was also observed in absorption capacity of small intestine for D-xylose between the experimental groups (p>0.05). It was concluded that the differences observed in weight gain among the experimental groups was not related to the absorption capacity of intestine as this parameter was not changed. It appears that, in short term, barley antinutrients show their negative effect on growth performance of the birds by other means.

A water snake (Natrix natrix) was referred to the Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran. It had two subcutaneous masses. Radiographic and ultrasonographic images revealed the presence of two subcutaneous abscesses. The abscesses were removed surgically and specimens were examined by conventional microbial culture and multiplex PCR. Inv-A universal primers were selected for detection of Salmonella at genus level. In order to identify Salmonella tphimurium, specific primers of Rfbj, Fljb and Flic related on genes sequences of O4, H1:i and H2:1,2, respectively, were used. In the positive control for expected size, PCR products were amplified from the fliC, inv-A, fljB and rfbJ genes. According to the results, this study showed antigens can be useful for detecting and identifying Salmonella typhimurium and can be achieved by using specific primers of O4, H1:i and H2:1,2 antigen, because only S. typhimurium has this antigenic structure out of about 2668 Salmonella serovars

This survey was aimed at detecting histological and histometrical changes of Common Carp ovaries in Khouzestan Province climate conditions. The goal was to determine the ovarian status in the breeding period of the reproductive cycle. Ovaries of 49 Common Carp brooders were collected from April to October, 2010. The samples were taken from the anterior, median and posterior portions. 5-6µ sections were made by the paraffin embedding method and stained by H&amp;E and PAS. The results showed that the breeding season in Common Carp in this area takes at least 7 months and spawning continues from April to October. It seems that the previtellogenesis and vitellogenesis stages are short in the Khouzestan climate conditions and this species rapidly enters into the maturation phase. It seems that Common Carp have the ability to spawn three times during an annual cycle in the Khouzestan climate conditions. Histological and histometrical results showed that in the three stages, from anterior to posterior, the mean percentage of vitellogenic follicles increased significantly (p

Vaccines are major disease-controlling tools in human and animal practices. Vaccination controlled or even eradicated a long list of diseases worldwide. Classic viral vaccines are usually composed of live or inactivated whole viruses and have been produced for many years. However, they are unsuccessful, especially in persistent infections, fast-evolving viruses, complex and compound antigens, and emerging agents. Novel vaccine development technologies such as DNA, protein, or viral vector vaccines have revolutionized vaccine development and opened a new horizon for study and research in vaccine research and production vision. Newly-developed vaccines, or even most traditional ones, are based on new technologies, especially in human diseases where cost and complications in production can be ignored. However, in animal health, especially for commercial poultry production, the cost of development, simplicity, and mass application of large-scale production cannot be overlooked. In recent years, the significance of producing novel vaccines has been highlighted in parallel with technological advancement, especially with emerging novel variants of infectious bronchitis viruses—serious poultry pathogens for years. In this review, we will introduce some studies on novel vaccine development techniques and investigate the results of those vaccines in the protection of chickens and their clinical outcomes.

Background: Anaplasma sp. is a blood protozoon that causes economic damage to the livestock industry. Therefore, studying this disease’s epidemiology and distribution pattern in different regions is essential. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the variety of infections of the Anaplasma sp. in the sheep population of Khuzestan Province in Iran.Methods: A total of 200 sheep blood samples were randomly collected and examined using specific nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) based on the 16S rRNA gene. Results: The prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum was 17%, and infected sheep had no clinical signs. The effective risk factors in the spread of infection in Khuzestan Province include sheep aged 3-5 years, low sanitation, high-density farms, use of acaricides in the field, and hot season (P≤0.05). There was no significant association between the occurrence of A. phagocytophilum infection and variables of altitude, farm type, vectors, distance from other farms, and sex.Conclusion: Since the infection often has no clinical symptoms, identifying the risk factors and epidemiology is essential to develop control and prevention planning.

Background: Spirulina platensis contains natural pigments along with phenolic and flavonoid compounds that may be excreted to the supernatant in addition to biomass during culture.Objectives: We prepared enriched cheese and ice cream using biomass and supernatant of S. platensis microalgae extract. We aimed to evaluate these algae’s organoleptic and nutritional properties.Methods: After preparing a 30-day culture of Spirulina, different concentrations of its biomass and supernatant extract were prepared to enrich cheese and ice cream. In the next step, the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of the products were measured by FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl 1-picryl hydroxyl) methods. Expert evaluators performed the sensory analysis according to the Iranian national standard method in terms of color, odor, taste, texture, and general acceptance on a scale of 0 to 5. Finally, statistical analysis of the data obtained from each experiment was performed with a one-way analysis of variance three times using SPSS software, version 24.Results: The results showed that the content of protein, fat, ash, and biomass was higher in enriched foods. However, in enriched ice creams, the content of protein, fat, sugar, and aeration rate increased significantly compared to the supernatant. In addition, cheese and ice cream fortified with supernatant had significantly greater antioxidant activity than biomass. The results of the hedonic test showed that with increasing concentrations of these agents in fortified cheeses and ice creams, the level of satisfaction in odor, taste, color, texture, and general acceptance factors was increased.Conclusion: The study results showed that adding biomass and supernatant of S. platensis to ice cream and cheese increased the nutritional value and improved the taste of these foods. Because these substances play an essential role in children’s diet, this microorganism can be used to combat malnutrition and a diet without micronutrients.

Background: Due to the multifactorial etiology, tumor manifestation in any vertebrate species may become a critical issue. This topic requires more consideration for species in aquatic ecosystems as an enclosed habitat. In addition, knowledge about oncogenesis in the aquaculture industry enhances the quality of products and its earned benefits.Objectives: This study investigated the tumor lesions, their characteristics, and probable causes, in the most commercially important fish in the southern Caspian Sea: Caspian white fish (Rutilus kutum). Methods: To accomplish this goal, after gross pathology of more than 20 cases, histopathological examinations and electron microscopic assays were employed.  Results: The findings confirmed squamous cell carcinoma and squamous cell papilloma in the examined cases. Furthermore, the virus-like particles were clearly observed in the transmission electron microscopy results, indicating the probable viral etiology for these neoplastic lesions in Caspian Kutum. Conclusion: This study is the first to report the tumor prevalence in fish species of the southern Caspian Sea, which could be an alert for the mentioned ecosystem’s health and the whole aquaculture industry.

Background: The Helichrysum genus of the Asteraceae family comprises 500 species. Fifteen Helichrysum species are found in Turkey. This genus is used in traditional medicine for several beneficial effects.Objectives: This study explored Helichrysum plicatum subsp. plicatum (HPsP) effects on fructose-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: Thirty-five adult male Wistar rats weighing 200–250 g were divided into 5 groups: Control, HPsP, fructose (F), HPsP+fructose, and double-dose HPsP+fructose. Fructose (40%) was then added to the water. HPsP extract was administered at doses of 4 and 8 mg/kg. All treatments were performed for 8 weeks.Results: The F, F+HPsP, and double-dose groups exhibited higher palmitic acid (16:0) levels than the control group (P<0.001). F+HPsP treatment enhanced palmitoleic acid levels (P<0.001). The F and F+HPsP groups showed reduced levels of linolenic (18:3 n-3), eicosadienoic (20:2, n-6), and arachidonic (20:4 n-6) acids (P<0.001, P<0.01, and P<0.05, respectively). The F, F+HPsP, and double-dose groups showed lower docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, n-3) levels (P<0.05). Retinol and in HPsP treated group and (P<0.05) K1 vitamin levels increased in all groups compared to control group (P<0.001). The F, F+HPsP, and HPsP groups had lower vitamin K-2 and D-3 levels (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively). The F, HPsP, F+HPsP, and double-dose groups had higher cholesterol levels (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001, respectively).Conclusion: HPsP extract altered fructose-induced fatty liver composition and levels of reduced glutathione and vitamins A, D, E, and K. Unexpectedly, high liver cholesterol levels require treatment.