Obstructive urolithiasis is a serious and potentially fatal condition in male small ruminants. It is caused by obstruction of urethral lumen at the distal portion of the sigmoid flexure and at the urolithic process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of surgical tube cystostomy in the management of obstructive urinary calculi in male sheep and goat. A total of 6 animals were studied (sheep-2 and goat-4) that were referred to Large animal clinics - Out Patient- Surgery Unit of Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital with a history of anuria, dysuria and stranguria. In Tube cystostomy, the animals were positioned in right lateral recumbency. The bladder was approached in left paramedianregion cranial to the last pair of rudimentaryteats. The urine was drained and calculi in the bladder was removed with the forceps. The catheter was fixed in the urinary bladder by meansof purse string suture pattern using 3/0 or4/0 polyglecaprone. Then the abdominal muscles and skin were apposed. Biochemical analysis revealed significant increase in BUN & Creatinine pre-operatively and decreases post operatively. Postoperatively normograde contrast cystourethrography on day 1 revealed filling defect of contrast agent showing obstruction at the level of Sigmoid Flexure. Ultrasonographic examination after normal urination revealed presence of calculi and also the site of obstruction in the bladder. The time period taken to return for normal urination in Tube Cystostomy was (10.66 ± 0.06 days) and the wound healing of the surgical site was better in tube cystomy.

Wildlife species identification, based on DNA is a highly reliable method for the investigation of wildlife crimes. PCR techniques and microsatellite markers are extensively used for the identification of wild animal DNA in forensic cases. Mostly, genes like Cyt B, Cox 1 and 12S RNA are amplified coupled with sequencing, to confirm the species in question. In the present study, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR was performed with DNA samples from captive wild felids, canids and ursids and the finger-print pattern was analyzed for their utility in designing de novo diagnostic primers. DNA was extracted from the tissue samples from eleven animals (two numbers each from tigers and lions and one sample each from a leopard, jaguar, sloth bear, black bear, wolf, jackal and dhole). RAPD-PCR was carried out using different arbitrary decamers. Of the five decamers used, two decamers, namely AP7 and AP17 revealed consistent amplification patterns. Among them, AP7 produced monomorphic fragments corresponding to 500 bp for felids and 800 bp and 400 bp for ursids, while polymorphic bands were generated across the different genera. The decamer AP17 consistently amplified a 450 bp band from all the felid samples and polymorphic amplification with other genera. The potential for these RAPD amplicons for their applicability in the design-specific primers for genus/ species-specific detection of wild animal DNA due to their uniqueness is discussed.

Khillar is an indigenous cattle breed, predominant in Karnataka. Although, milk production of these indigenous breed is low as compared to crossbreds, these animals are reared for their sturdy nature, sustainability to draught, heat tolerance, disease resistance, adaptability to harsh climatic conditions and ability to survive and perform under scarce feed and fodder conditions. But, livestock farmers face lots of issues in management of Khillar Cattle. The present study was conducted to analyse the marketing and utilization pattern of Khillar cattle of Karnataka. A total of 240 Khillar cattle owners from 16 villages comprising 80 small farmers, 80 medium farmers and 80 large farmers were considered for the study and interviewed with the help of structured schedule. The results indicated that that majority of the farmers purchased Khillar cattle from the market (54.59 %) and most of them (58.75 per cent) selected the Khillar cattle based on both the breed characteristics and hair whorls, followed by hair whorls (21.25 per cent). Majority (89.58 per cent) of the farmers responded that negotiation followed by undercover method (10.42 %) was followed in the market. Among the overall farmers, Khillar cattle was majorly used for milking purpose (88.75 %), followed by use of Khillar bullocks for agricultural activities (52.5 %). Hence, there is an urgent need to assess and analyze the contribution of indigenous cattle in the livelihood of resource poor which may help the policy makers to take necessary steps to provide subsidized loan and insurance policies for the draught animals and also to provide basic amenities in the cattle markets.

A primiparous Holstein Friesian crossbred cow was brought to VCC, VC&RI Namakkal with ventral swelling. Based on rectal examination and abdominal palpation it was diagnosed as right sided uterine torsion with prepubic tendon rupture. After the fetal delivery by caesarean section and proper postoperative care is given for a period of 10 days, life of the dam was saved.

Leptospirosis is under diagnosed and under reported in developing countries due to lack of diagnostic facilities. The diagnosis of leptospirosis is complex, because the gold standard tests are not easily available. Though rapid tests are available for the past two decades, they have to be combined with the existing gold standard tests for confirmation of diagnosis. It should be adequate to diagnose leptospirosis with rapid tests. I intend to review the literature from developing countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa and suggest the need for utilizing rapid tests for diagnosis. Leptospirosis can be diagnosed only by diagnostic tests and epidemiological data, such as incidence/ prevalence data cannot be obtained without these tests. Without these data, funding cannot be obtained for diagnostic, treatment and control programs, as without diagnostic tests, leptospirosis would be considered a rare disease. In this article, the various guidelines for the diagnosis of leptospirosis will be discussed.

Present study was undertaken to evaluate the shelf life of chhana podo prepared from 1% citric acid and 2% lactic acid and stored at ambient temperature (30+ 20 C). Microbial, physico-chemical and sensory qualities of product were studied during storage. The chhana podo were analyzed Standard Plate Count (SPC), yeast and mould count on alternate days. The SPC, yeast and mould count increased significantly (P<0.05) with the progress of storage at ambient temperature in 1% citric acid and 2% lactic acid products. No significant change in SPC, yeast and mould count was observed up to 2nd day storage but later there was remarkable increase in SPC (2.79 & 2.55) as well as yeast and mould count (12.40 & 12.30) at the end of day four. The significant reduction in pH, moisture and fat content in 1% citric acid and 2% lactic acid products during the progress of storage of 8 days, while protein content showed an increasing trend. All the sensory quality attributes of products made by 1% citric acid and 2% lactic acid were comparable up to 2 days of storage from then on declined significantly with progress of storage. Colour, body & texture, flavour and overall acceptability score of channa podo declined significantly up to the 4th days of storage. Thus, the findings of the study indicated that the channa podo could be safely stored upto 4th days at ambient temperature.  

Bacterial infection followed by implant fixation is a common complication after surgery. In order to reduce the incidence of implant-associated infections, several biomaterial surface treatments have been proposed. In this study, the effect of in vitro antibacterial activity of magnetron sputtered silver nanoparticles was studied. Sputtering was done using radiofrequency magnetron sputtering technology. Film applicator coating assay was used to assess the antibacterial effect of the coated titanium implants. SEM examination revealed successful deposition of silver nanoparticles on the titanium surface. The average diameter of the nanoparticles was 40-60 nm. SEM examination before incubation and after incubation of bacteria was done. The bactericidal ratio between the uncoated and coated implant was determined.

Bacteriological quality of khoa based sweets marketed through different retail outlets of Thrissur city was evaluated based on total viable count, coliform count, yeast & mould count and staphylococcal count. Altogether 72 samples of khoa based sweets such as peda, burfi and gulabjamun were evaluated for their bacteriological quality. Out of the total peda samples tested, coliforms were prevalent in 37.5%, yeast and mould in 91.7% and staphylococcal organisms in 41.7% of the samples. In burfi, coliforms were prevalent in 66.6%, yeast and mold in 95.8% and staphylococcal organisms in 83.3 % of the samples tested. In gulabjamun, coliforms, yeast and mould and staphylococcal organisms were present in 45.8%, 91.6% and 70.8% respectively of the samples tested. The highest rate of contamination was recorded in burfi while the lowest was recorded in peda. Strict hygienic measures during preparation and storage are recommended to ensure the quality of the products. 

Nanotechnology has been used in a variety of medical applications, including diagnostics, immunisation, medication and gene delivery. Nanotechnology has opened up new ways for molecular biology and biotechnology applications, and it has revolutionised practically every area of veterinary and animal sciences by introducing new, small-scale instruments and materials that are advantageous to living species. Metallic nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles, fullerenes,  liposomes, and dendrimers are among the several forms of nanomaterials employed in detection of various diseases, therapy, drug administration, animal nutrition and breeding. It is concluded that, before making nano-products available for animal use, extensive risk evaluations should be carried out to ensure their safety. So, this article provides an overview of existing and promising nano applications in veterinary research that may lead to increased efficiency and production.

Oxidative stress is a common mechanism contributing to initiation and progression of hepatic damage in a variety of liver disorders. Hence, there is a great demand for the development of agents with potent antioxidant effect. The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the efficacy of raw and nanoforms of resveratrol and silibinin as a hepatoprotective and an antioxidant against diethylnitrosamine induced hepatocellular damage. 0.01% diethylnitrosamine administration to rats resulted in significantly elevated levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GSH) and total protein (TP) in the liver tissue. Post-treatment with the nano resveratrol (50 mg/kg), nano silibinin (50 mg/kg), raw resveratrol (50 mg/kg), raw silibinin (50 mg/kg) orally for 30 days significantly reversed the diethylnitrosamine induced alterations in the liver tissue and offered almost complete protection. The results from the present study indicate that both nano forms exhibit good hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential against diethylnitrosamine induced hepatocellular damage in rats as compared to raw forms.