The present study was carried out to investigate the histological lesions andmorphological changes caused by the experimental Shigella flexneri bacteria in both thesmall intestine and the large intestine in albino mice Musmusculus and attempt to treat themusing the Antheum graveolens and antibiotic amikacin. And study the inhibitory activity ofthe extract of the plant in vitro. Shigella flexneri was tested for a variety of antibiotics andshowed that it was sensitive to (Amikacin, ErythromycinTobramycin,Gentamycin,Ceftriaxone,Cefotaxime and Naldixic acid ) and resistant to(Ampicillin, Trimethoprim and Aztreonam) . The inhibitory activity test was performed ofAntheum graveolens extract toward Shigella flexneri and was found to be sensitive andhigh. Both ID-50 and LD-50 LD dose were determinated. In the present study, thelaboratory animals were divided into 36 mice and randomly assigned to 6 groups. Eachgroup consisted of six mice.These groups are control group, ID-50 group,LD-50 group,group that treated with water Antheum graveolens,group that treated with alcoholicAntheum graveolens and antibiotic group . The bacterial infection of the mice was inducedby mouth ,the animals left dosage of the doses pathogenic from bacteria for a four-day andthe appearance of the disease. On the fourth day, The results of the histological examinationof the small and large intestines showed satisfactory changes in the different tissue layers ofthese structures. microscopic examination showed less enhancement in groups thattreatment with alcoholic Antheum graveolens and antibiotic compared with groups thatadministrated water Antheum graveolens

The results in present study are illustrated that the effects of different levels of NSseeds and RO leaves on in vitro gas production, rumen fermentation, fatty acidscomposition and the apparent biohydrogenation of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acidsusing rumen liquor from Dorper lambs. The NS seeds and RO leaves weresupplemented at the rate of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% (w/w) DM of basal substrate [60%forage (urea treated rice straw) and 40% concentrate] and incubated for 24 h at 39°C.Substrates containing RO and NS had greater (P<0.05) gas production than the controlsubstrates. The volume of gas produced increased as the levels of RO and NSincreased up to 1.5% and decreased afterwards. Supplementation of RO and NS did not affect (P>0.05) in vitro dry matter digestibility, in vitro organic matterdigestibility, rumen pH, CH4 and NH3-N, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and themolar proportion of acetate, propionate and butyrate. The RO supplements reduced theruminal concentration of C18:0 and increased the ruminal concentration of C18:1n-9in a dose dependent manner. The supplementation of RO leaves reduced (P<0.05) theapparent biohydrogenation of C18:1n-9 but had no effect (P>0.05) on the apparentbiohydrogenation of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3.

The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinalparasites in large ruminants ( cattle and buffalo ) in Thi-Qar province south of Iraq .For this purpose, 628 fecal samples were collected including 312 from buffaloes and316 from cattle, from different areas of Thi-Qar Province between February 2017 andFebruary 2018. Parasitological procedures used for the identification of helmintheswere direct and indirect methods(Flotation and sedimentation techniques). The resultsrevealed that the prevalence of GI parasitic infestation were 54.7% in cattle and23.71% in buffalo ,Moreover Fasciola spp. was the most prevalent GI parasite in bothcattle and buffaloes. Parasitic infestation was recorded throughout the year withseasonal variations.

Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) is a versatile opportunistic pathogen that causes awide spectrum of pathologies. In rabbits, this bacterium infects dermal lesions causingsuppurative dermatitis, and invades subcutaneous tissues, causing different wellknowndisease conditions such as mastitis, abscesses (subcutaneously or affectinginternal organs) and pododermatitis. The aim of the study is to update the knowledgeon rabbit Staphylococcosis by focusing mainly on the different histopathologicchanges. Twenty rabbits were used as laboratory animal models in an experimentdesigned to study the pathogenesis of S. aureus. A dose of (1x108 CFU/ml) of aRifampicin-resistant S.aureus was given through the following routes: Intratracheal(IT), andsterile distilled water was given by same route to a group of rabbits used ascontrol.There were difference in temperature and body weights among treated animalsand control,but it were statistically significant(P˂0.05).

Parasitic infection of Ehinococus granulosus infects many animals because ofhosts variation ; intermediate host include ,sheep ,cattle ,goats ,pigs ,horses andcamels as well as human. Transmitted to intermediate host by the ingestion of eggand transmitted to definitive host via eating infected mature cyst's containing organs.Final host was dog and canine species were the adult worms may survive for up to 3years and laying egg after 6-10 month in dog that excretes with feces. The eggs maybe eaten in food such as vegetables , herbs ,fruit or drunk in contaminated water ,theycan also stick to the hands when a person pet an infected dog or cat ,handles a wildanimal or carcass, or touches contaminated soil and vegetation . One hundred 100lungs specimens were examined in field and in laboratory, results showed that morethan 50% of lungs samples were infected with hydatid cysts or Echinococusgranulosus, histopathological examination showed sever destructive and necrotic withhemolytic changes in lungs tissues contained Echinococus granulosuscysts.Conclusions: parasitic infection Echinococus granulosus or hydatid cysts werepredominantly and commonly existence in sheep living in Kerbala.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the morphological, histological, andhistochemical structures of the esophagus and stomach in small Indian mongoose at anatomy andhistology laboratory/ Veterinary Medicine College / Basra University in Basra/ Iraq. The currentstudy was conducted on six local healthy adult male mongoose directly . Morphological resultsreleaved that the esophagus is elastic muscular fibrous tube connects between pharynx andstomach. It consists from three parts; cervical, thoracic, and short abdominal part.The stomachappeared as simple type with shape of letter (J),and had three regions (cardiac, fundus, andpyloric region), two curvatures, and two openings. The mean length and width of esophagus andstomach (15cm, 0.5 cm) and (6.5 cm, 2cm cardiac, 1.5 cm fundus, and pyloric 1 cm in width)respectively. The histological study result showed the esophagus and stomach comprised fourlayers; mucosa, sub-mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia or serosa.Microscopic examination of esophagus revealed that the mucosal layer lined with thin stratifiedsquamous keratinized epithelium tissue. The gastric mucosa lined by simple columnar epitheliumwith goblet cells.This study showed the positive reaction for periodic acid Schiff (PAS)stain in esophagus andstomach , when appear red purple colour for mucin in the mucosa layer for them .

The rapidly expanding field of nanotechnology is becoming a possible source for humanexposure to nanoparticles. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) is one of an importantnanoparticle which has been widely manufactured in developed processes for several years. Theaim of this study was to investigate the effects of TiO2-NPs on some biochemical parameters andthe renal histopathology alterations in adult Wistar rats. 63 male rats were used and treated withdifferent doses (0.5, 5, 50, 1.5, 15, 150 mg/kg) of TiO2-NPs (21 nm) twice a week for 4 weeks.Each group separated into three subgroups then sacrificed at 4 days, month and 3 months postintratracheal instillation. The IL-10 and MCP-1 estimation in BALF and histopathologicalexamination of kidney were done. The results showed serve histological alteration in renal elementspost 4 days post-instillation, which got an increase in a month post instillation as the concentrationof MCP-1 and IL-10 increased in BAlF and in lung tissues homogenate. The histopathologicalexamination revealed decreasing in glomeruli number in cortex of the kidneys with hemorrhage andinflammatory cells infiltration at 4 days post-instillation while after a month of instillation, thechanges like swelling, dilatation of Bowman's capsule and degeneration changes in renal tubuleswere observed. At 3 months post-instillation, some regeneration in renal elements were observed.

The aim of current study was investigate the isolation of Cryptosporidium oocystsfrom 93 fecal samples of infected slaughtered broiler chicken in local markets ofsome areas in Baghdad city, during the period from the beginning of November 2017to end of April 2018. In this study three diagnostic techniques used, flotation bySheather's sugar solution, isolation and measuring of Cryptosporidium oocysts (byocular micrometer). For conform that the isolated species of the parasite from infectedcases belong to the Cryptosporidium baileyi, experimental infection done in, broilerchicken chicks aged one week to study the histopathological lesion in infected organs(intestinal, trachea, and bursa of Fabricius). The results of calibration of isolatedoocysts, showed that the mean of measurement size of Cryptosporidium oocysts was6.2x 4.7 micrometers.

The present study was designed to determine the adverse effect of sodium benzoate(SB), vitamin C (Vit.C) alone and of their combination on reproductive functions inrabbits. Thirty-six adult male rabbits were divided randomly into six equal groups. Group1 (Control group) received orally distal water, group 2: Vit.C (200mg/kg BW/day)received orally, group 3: received orally SB (60 mg/kg BW/day), group 4: received orallySB (120 mg/kg BW/day). Group 5: received orally SB+Vit.C (60+200 mg/ kg BW/day)and group 6: received orally SB+Vit.C (120+200 mg/ kg BW/day). The result revealed asignificant decrease in serum testosterone concentrations in all treated groups ascompared with Vit.C and control group. Significant differences were observed in spermconcentration, viability, abnormality and significant decrease in sperm motility in groupstreated with combination of SB and Vit.C as compared with control. A significantimprovement in sperm concentration, sperm motility, viability and abnormality in G2(Vit.C) group compared with all-treated groups. Histopathological changes in testiculartissues in groups treated with SB+Vit.C showed marked vacuolation and degeneration ofseminiferous tubules, with arresting of spermatogenesis.

This study was aimed to compare sanitary conditions by detection of hygiene statue of thechicken breast meat taken from license and unlicensed slaughterhouses. Differentmicrobiological indicators were measured to determine some traits of the local fresh chickenbreast meat during different storage periods under refrigeration and freezing temperature. Alltests were made in the post-graduate laboratories of Animal Sciences Department, College ofAgricultural sciences, University of Sulaimani. The microbial content of breast meat in this studyshowed that the TPC was increased from 3.63×104 to 8.56×104 CFU/gm meat and from 4.13×103to 9.33×103 CFU/gm meat for both unlicensed and license slaughterhouses respectively, thatstored at fridge temperature. In freezing storage, total bacterial count was fluctuated in allsamples of breast meats during 90 days of storage. The coliform bacteria count in breast meat forunlicensed slaughterhouse were increased from 7.65×103 to 1.14×104 CFU/gm meat and weresignificant differences (P≤0.05) in all storage periods at refrigeration temperature were found. Atfreezing temperature, coliform have found only in 0 and 15 days of storage for both unlicensedand licensed. For psychrotrophic bacteria, the count have increased after 6 days of refrigeratedstorage for both unlicensed and licensed slaughterhouses samples and significant differenceswere obtained in most storage periods, whereas the count have fluctuated after 90 days offreezing storage. In generally, the results microbial indicators were within the standard limits ofpermission, Coliform bacteria count revealed that the number was higher than the acceptablecount (more than 103 CFU/gm meat) in case of unlicensed samples.