Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the current status of emerging diseases of pet animals in Bangladesh and to estimate the percentage of disease occurrence in the pet animals. Materials and methods: A 2-month potential study was conducted to estimate the percentage (%) of disease occurrence and current status of emerging diseases of pet animals in Bangladesh. A total of 550 animals were examined and 358 data were collected from the disease registered book of the Central Veterinary Hospital (CVH), Dhaka and SA Quaderi Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Bangladesh during June and September, 2014. The data were analysed, and the results on the newly emerging diseases were expressed as percentage (%). Results: Among the most general pet animals in Bangladesh (dog, cat, rabbit), the mostly occured diseases were scabies (23.07%), feline ascariasis (37.14%) and rabbit mange (34.61%), while the less frequent diseases were canine parvovirus enteritis (2.19%), cat scratch disease (5.71%) and overgrown teeth (7.69%). Conclusion: The study provides basic information about the current status and the percentage (%) of disease occurrence considering the emerging diseases of pet animals in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(4.000): 413-419]

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the effect of parity of female goat, social ranking and ovulatory responses of does during seasonal anestrus period by exposure to male effect. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on a flock of Baladi goats at the animal farm of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University during November 2014 to January 2015. A total of 54 healthy Baladi goats comprising of 4 males and 50 females aging 12-18 months were used for this study. The goats were raised under indoor raising system, and were released to graze during daylight hours and returned to closed shed. The animals were fed dehydrated alfalfa granules and mixed fodder. The goats were given water ad libitum. Sexual behavioral patterns of both male and female goats were observed. During estrus behavioral resposes shown by the does, blood samples were collected from the goats for the examination of luteinizing hormone (LH). Results: The mounting activity were higher in males in contact with multiparouse females than those of nulliparouse ones. The sexually experienced does induce the activation of L.H hormones leading to stimulation of estrus responses of does. Thats why social ranking of does had a significant effect on sexual behavior of bucks when exposed to does during anestrus period. LH hormones secretion in 2nd week in female exposure to males was higher than those of 1st week of exposure at both multiparous and nulliparous females. Conclusion: It concluded that visual, alfactactory, auditory contact with the male stimulate estrus response of anestrus females to be sexually responsive resulting in an increase in the economic gain of goat farm. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(2.000): 160-165]

Objective: Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) infection is existing worldwide causing economic loss in goat production. This work was conducted to investigate the prevalence of CAE in local and foreign goat breeds and sheep in different localities in Sudan. Materials and methods: A total of 368 sera samples were prepared; among these, 112 were collected from cross (n=39) and foreign (n=73) breeds of goat in Khartoum state, equal number of sera (n=23) were collected from goats and sheep from each of River Nile, Gedarif, Sinnar and North Kordofan states. Eighteen cross bred goats were tested from River Nile state. From foreign bred goats, 28 and 26 sera were collected from Gazira and Northern states, respectively. The collected sera were examined for the presence of antibodies to CAE virus using Enzymed-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: The overall seroprevalence of CAE was 2.99% (n=11/368). Positive results were found only in 11 of foreign breed of goats (Cyprus shami) collected from Gazira (39.29%; n=11/28). Statistically, there was an association between breed and location (P=0.001 and P=0.671, respectively). Conclusion: The CAE virus infection exists only in foreign goat breeds. Gazira state showed the highest seroprevalence as compared to other states considered in this study. Strict hygienic measures should be adopted to control the disease and to prevent its spread to local breeds. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(3.000): 259-262]

Objective: The study was conducted to estimate the proportionate prevalence of dog bite in cattle, goats and dog at selected veterinary hospitals in Bangladesh and India, and to assess the farmers' knowledge level about dog bite and rabies in general. Materials and methods: A 4-month prospective study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of dog bite in different species at selected veterinary hospitals in Bangladesh and India during January to July 2015. A total of 119 dog bite cases were identified by anamnesis, manifesting signs and clinical and physical examinations. Information about site of bite, duration, bite management, vaccination history, rabid dog, breed, age, sex and knowledge about rabies were composed by extensive cross-questioning to the farmers using pre-structured questionnaire. Results: The proportionate prevalence was found higher in goats (25.7%) irrespective of study placements. Hind leg (28-50%) and hind quarter (13-34%) of all species were found as the most vulnerable body part for dog bite. Younger (8-26%) and female (6-36%) animals were more prone to attack by dog. About 65% farmers had preliminary knowledge about rabies and they were aware about high fatality rate of this disease. Most of the respondents (about 45%) said that they did not know about how many days required to occur rabies after the animal being bitten by a rabid dog. Around 70% people had knowledge about source of rabies vaccine, and 74% people thought that the Government Veterinary Hospital was the main source of post exposure rabies vaccine. After dog biting, out of 119, 106 victims were recovered as a result of proper washing and dressing of biting site, and administration of post exposure rabies vaccine. Conclusion: Dog bite was higher in younger and female animals as compared to males and adult animals with an exception in case of dog. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(3.000): 252-258]

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to isolate and identify Pasteurella multocida from fowl cholera (FC) suspected chicken, and to prepare and efficacy determination of formalin killed fowl cholera vaccine using the isolated P. multocida strain. Materials and methods: A total of five suspected dead chickens were collected from Brothers Poultry Farm located at Gazipur district, Bangladesh. The samples were processed and the P. multocida was isolated through conventional bacteriological techniques, were finally confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using P. multocida specific primers targeting cap gene. The P. multocida isolate was used to develop a formalin killed fowl cholera vaccine. The efficacy of the newly prepared vaccine was determined in Starcross-579 chickens (n=30) aging 15 weeks either by injecting 1 mL (group-A; n=10) or 0.5 mL (group-B; n=10) vaccine containing approximately 3.2x108 CFU/mL P. multocida organism; 10 birds were kept as unvaccinated control. The sera from the vaccinated and control birds were collected and were subjected for antibody titre determination by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Finally the vaccinated birds were challenged using virulent strains of P. multocida to confer the protection against FC. Results: P. multocida could be isolated from both the samples. The formalin killed vaccine prepared from the isolated bacteria was subjected for the determination of antibody titre in chicken, and found that the antibody titres in the birds of group A and group B were 4.513 and 4.07 respectively after primary vaccination, and 4.893 and 4.37 respectively after booster vaccination. Most of the vaccinated birds were found to be survived after challenging with virulent strain of P. multocida. Conclusion: It is concluded that the causal agent of FC (P. multocida) was successfully isolated from FC affected dead chickens. The prepared formalin killed fowl cholera vaccine induces protective immune response and conferred protection against challenge infection caused by the virulent strain of P. multocida. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(1.000): 45-50]

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the Sero-prevalence of Schistosoma species in cattle in Maiduguri Metropolis (MMC) and Jere Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Borno State, Nigeria. Materials and Method: Blood samples (n=200) from cattle were collected using a multistage sampling technique; 100 samples each were collected from MMC and Jere LGAs, respectively. The samples were subjected to screening for Schistosoma antibodies using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Age, sex, breed and location of cattle were recorded. Results: The overall prevalence of Schistosoma infection among cattle in MMC and Jere LGAs was 10%. Jere LGA had a prevalence rate of 14% and MMC had 6%. At the ward levels, Custom Area in Jere LGA had the highest number of Schistosoma positive (50%). Out of 103 female and 97 male cattle screened, the prevalence of Schistosoma infection in female and male were 9.71% (n=10/103) and 10.31% (n=10/103). Out of the 177 serum samples from cattle aging >1-year (adult) examined, 16 (9.04%) were positive, while only 4 (17.39%) out of 23 serum samples from cattle aging <1-year (young) were positive. Out of the eight (8) breeds screened, the highest number of cases was recorded in Kuri breed (16.22%). This was followed by Sokoto Gudali (10.9%) breed. The prevalence in other breeds was as follows: Abore- 10%, Red Bororo- 5.26%, and White Fulani- 6.67%. Conclusion: It is concluded that schistosomiasis in cattle was prevalent in MMC and Jere LGAs of Borno State. A regular checking program is suggested to constantly check out whether the prevalence rate is increasing, so that effective control measures can be strenthened. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(1.000): 56-61]

Objective: The investigation was undertaken to measure the epidemiological features and antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of Escherichia coli among different breeds of goats in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 150 rectal swab samples were collected from selected goats. The samples were subjected for the isolation of E. coli through a series of conventional bacteriological and biochemical techniques. The isolated E. coli were used for assessing antimicrobial susceptibility by disk diffusion method. Besides prevalence study, nine risk factors were studied; the risk factors were- breed, age, hygienic status, sex, history of recent transportation, season, diarrhea, body condition score, and source of drinking water. Results: The overall prevalence of E. coli in the rectal swabs of goats was 52% (n=78/150). The young goats were highly susceptible (65.0%; n=52/80) to E. coli infection as compared to adults (37.1%; n=26/70). The prevalence was higher (66.7%; n=42/63) in the goats that was reared in poor hygienic condition as compared to the goats that were reared under good hygienic condition. The influence of the source of drinking water on E. coli prevalence was found to be higher both in pond (63.6%; n=7/11) and municipality (61.4%; n=51/83) supplied water as compared to tube-well (35.7%; n=20/56). The goats having recent transportation history showed higher prevalence (64.8%; n=35/54). The prevalence was higher in diarrheic goats (62.0%; n=49/79) than non-diarrheic goats. Among the E. coli isolates (n=78), 31 were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR) to 3 to 8 subclasses of antimicrobials. Conclusion: Presence of MDR E. coli in the studied goats suggest the probable acquisition, development and transmission of MDR E. coli through a number of influencing factors to other animals and potentially to human. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(2.000): 166-172]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of coinfections with bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), bluetoungue virus (BTV) and bovine herpes virus-4 (BHV-4) in cattle with reproductive problems in Sudan, and to determine the relation of single or mixed seropositivity with abortion, infertility and death after birth. Materials and methods: Meta-analysis of the results from our earlier serosurveys conducted with a total of 688 dairy cattle was carried out in order to determine prevalence of seropositivity of single and mixed (coinfection) viral infections. Reults: The meta-analysis of the data indicated high seroprevalence of coinfections with various combinations of these agents; only few animals were singly infected. An infection with BHV-1 was observed to be higher than the prevalence of associations between BHV-1 and the other three viral agents. Prevalence of seropositivities to coinfection with BHV-1/BTV; BHV-1/BVD; BHV-1/BTV/BVD were the highest while seropositivities prevalences that involved BHV-4 were much lower. The highest abortion rates were encountered in coinfections with BHV-1/BVD/BTV (31%) and BHV-1/BVD/BTV/BHV-4 (30%) while most infertility cases were noticed in coinfection with BHV-1/BVD/BTV (44%) and BHV-1/BVD/BTV/BHV-4 (21%), and coinfections with the four viruses were encountered in most of the death after birth cases (25%). Overall mixed infections with BHV-1/BVD/BTV (34%) and BHV-1/BVD/BTV/BHV-4 (22.5%) were involved in the majority of reproductive problems studied. Conclusion: Mixed infections constitutes the vast majority of cases and are involved in the majority of reproductive disorders investigated. The high prevalence of seropositivity to all of the four viruses should call for an intervention strategy to reduce the impact of these viruses. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(4.000): 332-337]

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and typing of brucellosis in lactating cows in some dairy farms in Kuwait. Materials and methods: A total of 4671 serum samples were collected from 4671 apparently healthy lactating cows comprising of 486 from Al-Wafra, 348 from Al-Kabed and 3837 from Al-Salebia areas. The sera were tested by Buffered Acidified Plate Antigen Test (BAPAT), Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Complement Fixation Test (CFT) for the presence of brucellosis. Besides, Milk Ring Test (MRT) was done with 60 milk samples collected from 60 lactating cows comprising 18 from Al-Wafra, 5 from Al-Kabed and 37 from Al-Salebia areas. The stomach content of aborted feti were tested for typing of Brucella organism by using specific antisera. Results: The results showed that the overall seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis was 339 (7.25%) by BAPAT, 332 (7.1%) by RBPT, and 329 (7.04%) by CFT. The results revealed that, 42 (8.6%), 5 (1.4%) and 292 (7.6%) sera were positive for brucellosis by BAPAT in the cows of Al-Wafra, Al-Kabed and Al-Salebia areas, respectively. Whereas, their respective number and seroreactive cases by RBPT were 39 (8.02%), 5 (1.4%) and 288 (7.4%). Similarly, as confirmatory test by CFT, the number and seroreactive cases in these areas were 39 (8.02%), 5 (1.4%) and 285 (7.46%). MRT revealed that the average positive case was 61.67% (59.46% in Al-Wafra; 60% in Al-Kabed and 66.6% in Al-Salebia). Two Brucella isolates could be recovered from the stomach content of the two aborted feti and typed as Brucella melitensis biovar 2. Conclusion: Brucellosis is prevalent among lactating cows in Kuwait. This indicates the potential role of these dairy animals in disseminating and spread of such zoonosis to human. Considering public health significance, appropriate preventive measures are suggestive for combating brucellosis in Kuwait. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(3.000): 229-235]

Objectives: Poultry production in rural areas is considered as an important source of livelihood for most rural communities. The objective of the present study was to investigate the major factors affecting production of rural poultry in three senatorial districts in North Central Nigeria namely Kwara Central, Kwara South and Kwara North.. Materials and Methods: The major factors affecting production of rural poultry were investigated using structured questionnaire to gather data on health and management practices between January to December 2014. Results: The socio-economic characteristics of respondents showed that majority of rural poultry farmers are women and illiterate, that sourced fund from their personal savings, relations and friends. The study also showed that seasonal variation and disease significantly influenced poultry production and its marketability. Conclusion: There is the need to put in place enabling environment to encourage commercialization of rural poultry production in Nigeria and globally. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(1.000): 79-83]