RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da frequência de alimentação em tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), utilizando rações de reduzido teor proteico (29% de proteína bruta) suplementadas com aminoácidos industriais (L-Lisina-HCl, DL-Metionina e L-Treonina). Foram utilizados 240 alevinos sexualmente invertidos, da linhagem tailandeza, com peso inicial de 0,93 ± 0,03 g, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, composto por cinco frequências alimentares (2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 vezes/dia), seis repetições e oito peixes por unidade experimental. Os peixes foram mantidos em 30 aquários de 130 litros dotados de abastecimento de água, temperatura controlada e aeração individuais e alimentados em quantidades idênticas de ração entre os tratamentos, com valores corrigidos diariamente, durante 30 dias. Avaliaram-se os parâmetros de desempenho e eficiência alimentar, a composição corporal, a deposição de proteína e gordura corporais e a eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio dos peixes. A variação da frequência de alimentação da dieta não influenciou os parâmetros de desempenho e composição corporal. As taxas de deposição de proteína e gordura corporal e a eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio dos peixes alimentados duas vezes por dia apresentaram valores menores em relação aos alimentados cinco vezes por dia, enquanto que os demais tratamentos apresentaram valores intermediários, sem variar entre os alimentados duas e cinco vezes por dia. Concluiu-se que a frequência de alimentação mínima de alevinos de tilápias do Nilo é de três vezes por dia, quando são utilizadas rações de baixo teor proteico suplementadas com aminoácidos, por aumentar a deposição de proteína e eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio. | ABSTRACT: The present study evaluated the feeding frequency of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed low-protein diets (29% crude protein) supplemented with commercial amino acids (L-lysine-HCl, DL-methionine, and L-threonine). Sex-reversed Nile tilapia (240) of Thai origin, with initial body weight of 0.93 ± 0.03 g each, were allocated in a completely randomized design, to five groups with various feeding frequencies (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 times a day). Six replications were conducted on separate experimental units comprising eight fishes each. The fish were maintained in 30 130-L aquariums, each equipped with individual water supply and controlled temperature and aeration. Fish were fed identical quantities among all treatments over a period of 30 days. Performance parameters, feed conversion efficiency, body composition, daily protein and fat deposition rates, and nitrogen retention efficiency were evaluated. Increased feeding frequency affected neither performance parameters nor body composition. Values for protein and fat deposition rates and nitrogen retention efficiency were significantly lower in fish fed twice daily than in those fed five times daily. Fish subjected to other feeding frequencies yielded intermediate values without any significant differences. The minimum feeding frequency of Nile tilapia fingerlings fed a low-protein ration supplemented with commercial amino acids is three times a day, owing to increased protein deposition rates and nitrogen retention efficiency.

The present study evaluated the feeding frequency of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed low-protein diets (29% crude protein) supplemented with commercial amino acids (L-lysine-HCl, DL-methionine, and L-threonine). Sex-reversed Nile tilapia (240) of Thai origin, with initial body weight of 0.93 ± 0.03 g each, were allocated in a completely randomized design, to five groups with various feeding frequencies (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 times a day). Six replications were conducted on separate experimental units comprising eight fishes each. The fish were maintained in 30 130-L aquariums, each equipped with individual water supply and controlled temperature and aeration. Fish were fed identical quantities among all treatments over a period of 30 days. Performance parameters, feed conversion efficiency, body composition, daily protein and fat deposition rates, and nitrogen retention efficiency were evaluated. Increased feeding frequency affected neither performance parameters nor body composition. Values for protein and fat deposition rates and nitrogen retention efficiency were significantly lower in fish fed twice daily than in those fed five times daily. Fish subjected to other feeding frequencies yielded intermediate values without any significant differences. The minimum feeding frequency of Nile tilapia fingerlings fed a low-protein ration supplemented with commercial amino acids is three times a day, owing to increased protein deposition rates and nitrogen retention efficiency.

RESUMO: Foram realizados três experimentos para determinar a composição nutricional da farinha dos resíduos industriais de filetagem da tilápia (FRIFT) para suínos, machos castrados, em fase inicial. No primeiro, foi determinada a composição bromatológica e valores de energia digestível e metabolizável da FRIFT, utilizando-se 10 suínos (15,10 kg ± 0,74), distribuídos em gaiolas para estudos metabólicos (2 tratamentos X 5 repetições). A FRIFT substituiu em 20% a ração referência, à base de milho e farelo de soja. No segundo experimento, foram determinados os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal dos aminoácidos da FRIFT, empregando-se óxido crômico como indicador, pelo método do sacrifício, tendo sido utilizados 10 suínos (15,00 kg ±0,27), distribuídos em gaiolas para estudos metabólicos (2 tratamentos X 5 repetições). Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração basal e outra sem proteína. No terceiro experimento, foi avaliado o desempenho de suínos alimentados com rações contendo diferentes níveis de FRIFT (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20%). Foram utilizados 40 suínos (15,00 kg ±0,87), distribuídos aos pares em baias de creche (5 tratamentos X 4 repetições). Os valores de energia digestível e metabolizável corresponderam a 3.632 e 3.260 kcal/kg, respectivamente. A inclusão de até 10 % de FRIFT na dieta de suínos machos castrados, dos 15 aos 30 kg, não alterou o ganho de peso diário e a conversão alimentar dos animais. | ABSTRACT: Three experiments were conducted to determine the nutritional composition of tilapia filleting waste meal (TFWM) for pigs in the initial phase. In the first experiment, the chemical composition and the values of digestible and metabolizable energy of TFWM were determined using 10 pigs (15.10 ± 0.74 kg), distributed in cages for metabolic research (2 treatments X 5 replicates). The TFWM replaced 20% of the reference diet based on corn and soybean meal. In the second experiment, the ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids present in TFWM were determined, using chromic oxide as a marker, through the method of sacrifice, using 10 pigs (15.00 ± 0.27 kg), distributed in cages for metabolic research (2 treatments X 5 replicates). Treatments consisted of a basal diet and one without protein. In the third experiment, the performance of pigs fed diets containing different concentrations of TFWM (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) was evaluated. Forty pigs (15.00 ± 0.87 kg), distributed in pairs in nursery pens (5 treatments X 4 replicates) were used. The values of digestible and metabolizable energy corresponded to 3,632 and 3,260 kcal/kg, respectively. Inclusion of up to 10% TFWM in the diet of barrows from 15 to 30 kg did not affect the average daily gain and feed conversion of the animals.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the nutritional composition of tilapia filleting waste meal (TFWM) for pigs in the initial phase. In the first experiment, the chemical composition and the values of digestible and metabolizable energy of TFWM were determined using 10 pigs (15.10 ± 0.74 kg), distributed in cages for metabolic research (2 treatments X 5 replicates). The TFWM replaced 20% of the reference diet based on corn and soybean meal. In the second experiment, the ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids present in TFWM were determined, using chromic oxide as a marker, through the method of sacrifice, using 10 pigs (15.00 ± 0.27 kg), distributed in cages for metabolic research (2 treatments X 5 replicates). Treatments consisted of a basal diet and one without protein. In the third experiment, the performance of pigs fed diets containing different concentrations of TFWM (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) was evaluated. Forty pigs (15.00 ± 0.87 kg), distributed in pairs in nursery pens (5 treatments X 4 replicates) were used. The values of digestible and metabolizable energy corresponded to 3,632 and 3,260 kcal/kg, respectively. Inclusion of up to 10% TFWM in the diet of barrows from 15 to 30 kg did not affect the average daily gain and feed conversion of the animals.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effect of different cutting intensities and years of harvesting on the morphological characteristics and production of fresh (FMP) and dry matter (DMP) of cactus pear cv. Gigante (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill) under conditions of irrigation, high planting density and fertilization, with 12 months of regrowth. The experimental was completely randomized in a factorial design (3 × 2) with 12 replicates. The treatments were three cutting intensities (preserving the mother cladode (PMC), primary cladodes (PPC), or secondary cladodes (PSC)), and two years of harvesting. The soil was classified as Cambisol Haplicum and the irrigation water was classified as C4S1 (EC 5.25 dS.m-1) density of 50,000 plants ha-1. The research evaluated plant height, number of cladodes per plant (NCP), length, width, perimeter and thickness of the cladodes, cladode area (CA), cladode area index (CAI), FMP and DMP. There was no significant interaction between treatments (P > 0.05) for the variables plant height, NCP, CAI and FMP. The variables related to cladode morphology showed a significant interaction (P < 0.05). The treatment PSC resulted in a greater DMP (P < 0.05) with a mean of 27.17 Mg ha-1 yr-1, compared to PPC (18.58 Mg ha-1 yr-1) or PMC (11.78 Mg ha-1 yr-1). The treatment PSC promoted greater NCP and forage productivity at harvest and can be considered as a management practice for the sustainability of cactus pear cv. Gigante under irrigation. The more important morphological characteristics were also influenced by the lower cutting intensities. | RESUMO: A pesquisa objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes intensidades de corte e anos de colheita, sobre características morfológicas e produções de matéria verde (PMV) e seca (PMS) da palma forrageira cv. Gigante (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill) sob condições de irrigação, adensamento e adubação, com 12 meses de rebrota. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (3 x 2) com 12 repetições. Os tratamentos constaram de três intensidades de corte (preservando o cladódio mãe (PCM), os cladódios primários (PCP) e os secundários (PCS) e dois anos de colheita. Período experimental 24 meses e duas colheitas com intervalos de 12 meses. O solo foi classificado como Cambissolo Háplico e a água de irrigação C4S1 (CE 5,25 dS.m-1) e densidade de 50.000 plantas ha-1. Foram avaliados: altura e número de cladódios por planta (NCP), comprimento, largura, perímetro, espessura e área dos cladódios (AC), índice de área dos cladódios (IAC), PMV e PMS. Não foi observada interação significativa (P>0,05) dos tratamentos para as variáveis altura, NCP, IAC e PMV. Variáveis relacionadas à morfologia dos cladódios apresentaram interação significativa (P<0,05). O tratamento PCS resultou na maior PMS (P<0,05) com produtividade média de 27,2 Mg ha-1 ano-1, quando comparada à PCP (18,6 Mg ha-1 ano-1) ou PCM (11,8 Mg ha-1 ano-1). O tratamento PCS no momento da colheita promoveu maior NCP e maior produtividade de forragem, sendo uma alternativa de manejo com vistas à sustentabilidade da palma cv. Gigante sob irrigação. As características morfológicas mais importantes também foram influenciadas pelas menores intensidades de corte.

This study evaluated the effect of different cutting intensities and years of harvesting on the morphological characteristics and production of fresh (FMP) and dry matter (DMP) of cactus pear cv. Gigante (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill) under conditions of irrigation, high planting density and fertilization, with 12 months of regrowth. The experimental was completely randomized in a factorial design (3 × 2) with 12 replicates. The treatments were three cutting intensities (preserving the mother cladode (PMC), primary cladodes (PPC), or secondary cladodes (PSC)), and two years of harvesting. The soil was classified as Cambisol Haplicum and the irrigation water was classified as C4S1 (EC 5.25 dS.m-1) density of 50,000 plants ha-1. The research evaluated plant height, number of cladodes per plant (NCP), length, width, perimeter and thickness of the cladodes, cladode area (CA), cladode area index (CAI), FMP and DMP. There was no significant interaction between treatments (P > 0.05) for the variables plant height, NCP, CAI and FMP. The variables related to cladode morphology showed a significant interaction (P < 0.05). The treatment PSC resulted in a greater DMP (P < 0.05) with a mean of 27.17 Mg ha-1 yr-1, compared to PPC (18.58 Mg ha-1 yr-1) or PMC (11.78 Mg ha-1 yr-1). The treatment PSC promoted greater NCP and forage productivity at harvest and can be considered as a management practice for the sustainability of cactus pear cv. Gigante under irrigation. The more important morphological characteristics were also influenced by the lower cutting intensities.

RESUMO Larvas de duas linhagens de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) foram submetidas a diferentes densidades de estocagem. O ensaio foi conduzindo em um fatorial 2 x 4, sendo quatro densidades de estocagem (6,25; 12,50; 18,75 e 25,00 ind. L-1), e duas linhagens (GIFT e Tailandesa). Larvas irmãs das linhagens Tailandesa e GIFT (4.000 ind.), foram distribuídas em 32 aquários com 8 L de água cada, de modo casualizado com quatro repetições cada. Por um período de 36 dias, as larvas foram mantidas em aquários providos de aeração constante e fotoperíodo natural. As variáveis limnológicas estiveram dentro da faixa adequada à espécie. Os dados foram interpretados por meio de ANOVA e para os efeitos densidade, utilizou-se Teste de Tukey. Quanto às variáveis biológicas, não houve interação entre linhagem e densidade. A linhagem GIFT apresentou melhor desempenho em comprimento total e biomassa para o 36o dia. Dentre as densidades para cada linhagem os melhores resultados de comprimentos, peso e ganho de peso, foram para a densidade 6,25 ind. L-1, mas ao se utilizar 25 ind. L-1 ocorre aumento na biomassa e otimização do espaço utilizado. Portanto, indica-se as linhagens GIFT na densidade de 25,00 ind. L-1. | ABSTRACT Larvae from two Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) lineages were subjected to different storage densities. An experiment was conducted arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, four storage densities (6.25, 12.50, 18.75 and 25.00 larvae L-1) and two lineages (GIFT and Thai). Larvae from the lineage GIFT and Thai (4,000) were distributed in 32 aquariums with 8 liters of water each, in a randomized order with four replications. The larvae were maintained in the aquariums with constant aeration and natural photoperiod for 36 days. Limnological variables were within the proper range to the specie. Data were subjected to ANOVA, and the Tukey test was used for the density effects. Regarding the biological variables, there was no interaction between lineage and density. The GIFT lineage presented better performance on total length and biomass at the 36th day. Regarding the densities of each lineage, the greater length, weight and weight gain results were found with a density of 6.25 larvae L-1, however, an increase in biomass and a space use optimization occurs using 25 larvae L-1. Therefore, the lineage GIFT at density of 25.00 larvae L-1 is indicated for larval culture.

Larvae from two Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) lineages were subjected to different storage densities. An experiment was conducted arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, four storage densities (6.25, 12.50, 18.75 and 25.00 larvae L-1) and two lineages (GIFT and Thai). Larvae from the lineage GIFT and Thai (4,000) were distributed in 32 aquariums with 8 liters of water each, in a randomized order with four replications. The larvae were maintained in the aquariums with constant aeration and natural photoperiod for 36 days. Limnological variables were within the proper range to the specie. Data were subjected to ANOVA, and the Tukey test was used for the density effects. Regarding the biological variables, there was no interaction between lineage and density. The GIFT lineage presented better performance on total length and biomass at the 36th day. Regarding the densities of each lineage, the greater length, weight and weight gain results were found with a density of 6.25 larvae L-1, however, an increase in biomass and a space use optimization occurs using 25 larvae L-1. Therefore, the lineage GIFT at density of 25.00 larvae L-1 is indicated for larval culture.

ABSTRACT Garlic is a vegetable that has economic and social relevance in Brazil. Rio Grande do Norte is among the consumer states, however, despite having regions with favorable conditions for growing garlic, it depends on imports of this product to meet its demand. The introduction of cultivars that have high yield and quality, and the adjustments in vernalization technology, which is a key issue for adaptation of new cultivars, are mechanisms that can contribute to garlic revitalization in areas previously producing this vegetable. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess the quality characteristics of semi-noble garlic cultivars subjected to different bulb-seed pre-planting vernalization periods in two counties of the Western Mesoregion of Rio Grande do Norte State (RN), Brazil. Two experiments were simultaneously conducted in Barauna RN and Governador Dix-sept Rosado RN, from April to November, 2012. A complete randomized block experimental design was used with four replications. The treatments were arranged in split-plot design, with the plots consisted of cultivars (Gigante-do-Nucleo and BRS-Hozan) and subplots consisted of bulb-seed pre- planting vernalization (4±1°C) periods (0, 10, 20 and 30 days). The evaluations consisted of bulb diameter, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, pungency, total solids and industrial index. The use of 10-day bulb-seed pre-planting vernalization increased the semi-noble garlic quality produced in Barauna and Governador Dix-sept Rosado. The cultivars Gigante-do-Nucleo and BRS-Hozan presented good prospects for industrialization, with good characteristics of flavor and aroma. | RESUMO O alho é uma hortaliça de relevância econômica e social no Brasil. Entre os estados consumidores, o Rio Grande do Norte, especialmente, apesar de apresentar regiões com condições favoráveis ao cultivo de alho, depende da importação deste produto para atender a sua demanda. A introdução de cultivares mais produtivas e de qualidade, e ajustes da tecnologia de vernalização, ponto fundamental para adaptação de novas cultivares, são mecanismos que podem contribuir para revitalização do alho em regiões, anteriormente produtoras desta hortaliça. Com o presente trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar as características qualitativas de cultivares de alho semi-nobre, submetidas a diferentes períodos de vernalização pré-plantio dos bulbos-semente em dois municípios da Mesorregião Oeste Potiguar. A pesquisa constou de dois experimentos desenvolvidos, simultaneamente, em Baraúna/RN e Governador Dix-sept Rosado/RN, entre os meses de abril e novembro de 2012. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas representadas pelas cultivares Gigante do Núcleo e BRS Hozan e as subparcelas constituídas pelos períodos de vernalização à 4 ± 1 ºC: 0, 10, 20 e 30 dias. Foram avaliados: diâmetro de bulbos, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, açúcares solúveis totais, açúcares redutores, pungência, sólidos totais e índice industrial. O uso de 10 dias de vernalização pré-plantio dos bulbos-semente possibilitou incrementos na qualidade do alho semi-nobre produzido em Baraúna e Governador Dix-sept Rosado. As cultivares Gigante do Núcleo e BRS Hozan mostraram-se com boas perspectivas para industrialização, apresentando boas características de sabor e aroma.

Garlic is a vegetable that has economic and social relevance in Brazil. Rio Grande do Norte is among the consumer states, however, despite having regions with favorable conditions for growing garlic, it depends on imports of this product to meet its demand. The introduction of cultivars that have high yield and quality, and the adjustments in vernalization technology, which is a key issue for adaptation of new cultivars, are mechanisms that can contribute to garlic revitalization in areas previously producing this vegetable. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess the quality characteristics of semi-noble garlic cultivars subjected to different bulb-seed pre-planting vernalization periods in two counties of the Western Mesoregion of Rio Grande do Norte State (RN), Brazil. Two experiments were simultaneously conducted in Barauna RN and Governador Dix-sept Rosado RN, from April to November, 2012. A complete randomized block experimental design was used with four replications. The treatments were arranged in split-plot design, with the plots consisted of cultivars (Gigante-do-Nucleo and BRS-Hozan) and subplots consisted of bulb-seed pre-planting vernalization (4±1°C) periods (0, 10, 20 and 30 days). The evaluations consisted of bulb diameter, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, pungency, total solids and industrial index. The use of 10-day bulb-seed pre-planting vernalization increased the semi-noble garlic quality produced in Barauna and Governador Dix-sept Rosado. The cultivars Gigante-do-Nucleo and BRS-Hozan presented good prospects for industrialization, with good characteristics of flavor and aroma.

ABSTRACT The establishment of commercial crops in succession to winter cover crops that leaves a dense straw layer provides significantly suppression of weeds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the suppressive potential of winter cover crops on weed infestation in maize and its effect on the yield of the maize sown in succession. The experiment was conducted in the 2012/2013 crop season, in an area of the UFSM Campus Frederico Westphalen, State of Rio Grande do Sul. Four different species of cover crops (black oat, ryegrass, vetch and forage radish) were seeded and a fallow area was used as control. Evaluations to quantify the dry matter and chemical desiccation were performed at the full flowering period of the cover crops. Maize was sown in no-tillage system, in succession to the cover crops. The incidence and shoot dry matter of weeds (g 0.25 m-2) was evaluated 15 days after the maize emergence. The main weed species in the area were: morning-glory (Ipomoea grandifolia), wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla), large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus). In general, vetch and ryegrass were the winter cover crops that better suppressed the weeds evaluated. The best maize yield was found in the area previously covered with ryegrass, inferring a relation between the cover crop and suppression of weeds and crop yield. | RESUMO O estabelecimento de culturas comerciais em sucessão a coberturas de inverno, com presença de densa camada de palha, proporciona significativa supressão de plantas daninhas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial supressor de coberturas de inverno sobre a incidência inicial de plantas daninhas na cultura do milho e seu efeito na produtividade da cultura semeada em sucessão. Um experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola de 2012/2013, em área experimental da UFSM, Campus de Frederico Westphalen RS. Foram utilizadas quatro diferentes espécies de cobertura de inverno (aveia-preta, azevém, ervilhaca e nabo) semeadas em faixas, além da testemunha mantida em pousio. No pleno florescimento das coberturas foi realizada a quantificação da massa seca e a dessecação das mesmas. O milho foi semeado em sistema de plantio direto em sucessão às coberturas. Aos 15 dias após a emergência do milho foi avaliada a incidência e a massa seca de parte aérea das plantas daninhas presentes (0,25 m²). As principais espécies daninhas presentes na área foram: corriola (Ipomoea grandifolia), leiteiro (Euphorbia heterophylla), milhã (Digitaria sanguinalis), tiririca (Cyperus rotundus). De forma geral, a ervilhaca e o azevém foram as coberturas de inverno com maior capacidade supressora sobre as plantas daninhas avaliadas. O melhor desempenho produtivo do milho foi observado sobre a palhada de azévem, inferindo para uma relação de supressão de plantas daninhas e produtividade da cultura.

The establishment of commercial crops in succession to winter cover crops that leaves a dense straw layer provides significantly suppression of weeds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the suppressive potential of winter cover crops on weed infestation in maize and its effect on the yield of the maize sown in succession. The experiment was conducted in the 2012/2013 crop season, in an area of the UFSM Campus Frederico Westphalen, State of Rio Grande do Sul. Four different species of cover crops (black oat, ryegrass, vetch and forage radish) were seeded and a fallow area was used as control. Evaluations to quantify the dry matter and chemical desiccation were performed at the full flowering period of the cover crops. Maize was sown in no - tillage system, in succession to the cover crops. The incidence and shoot dry matter of weeds (g 0.25 m - 2 ) was evaluated 15 days after the maize emergence. The main weed species in the area were: morning - glory ( Ipomoea grandifolia ), wild poinsettia ( Euphorbia heterophylla ), large crabgrass ( Digitaria sanguinalis ) and purple nutsedge ( Cyperus rotundus ). In general, vetch and ryegrass were the winter cover crops that better suppressed the weeds evaluated. The best maize yield was found in the area previously covered with ryegrass, inferring a relation between the cover crop and suppression of weeds and crop yield.

ABSTRACT Weed control is essential to reduce or eliminate the interference of weeds on crops. Chemical control with the application of herbicides consists of the most used method, with this aim in grain producing areas. Information about the selectivity of herbicides to C. spectabilis (showy crotalaria) are scarce, which are critical for the management of this species as a crop. One field experiment was performed to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides applied in post-emergence of showy crotalaria. The herbicides bentazon (720 and 576 g ha-1), imazethapyr (106 and 79.5 g ha-1), pyrithiobac-sodium (84 g ha-1), flumiclorac (60 g ha-1), flumiclorac in sequential application (30 / 30 g ha-1), imazethapyr + bentazon (106 + 480 g ha-1), and clethodim + quizalofop (96 + 100 g ha-1) were applied in plants with four true leaves, also using a control without herbicide application. Pyrithiobac-sodium and flumiclorac isolated and the tankmix of imazethapyr + bentazon provided greater injuries to showy crotalaria, also affecting the final plant height. Pyrithiobac-sodium (84 g ha-1) was not selective to showy crotalaria. The herbicides imazethapyr (79.5 g ha-1), flumiclorac (sequential application), and bentazon (576 g ha-1), despite the association between clethodim + quizalofop, can be used for weed management in showy crotalaria crop. | RESUMO O manejo de plantas daninhas é prática fundamental para reduzir ou eliminar a interferência da comunidade infestante sobre a espécie cultivada. O método de controle químico, por meio da aplicação de herbicidas, consiste no mais utilizado com esta finalidade em áreas de produção de larga escala. Informações de seletividade de herbicidas para C. spectabilis (crotalária) são escassas, sendo estas de suma importância para o manejo desta espécie como cultura. Um experimento de campo foi realizado para avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência na crotalária. Os herbicidas bentazon (720 e 576 g ha-1), imazethapyr (106 e 79,5 g ha-1), pyrithiobac-sodium (84 g ha-1), flumiclorac (60 g ha-1), flumiclorac em aplicação sequencial (30 / 30 g ha-1), imazethapyr + bentazon (106 + 480 g ha-1), clethodim + quizalofop (96 + 100 g ha-1) foram aplicados sob plantas com quatro folhas verdadeiras, constando também entre os tratamentos testemunha sem aplicação de herbicidas. Pyrithiobac-sodium e flumiclorac isolados e a mistura entre imazethapyr + bentazon proporcionaram maiores injúrias a crotalária, afetando também a altura final das plantas. O pyrithiobac -sodium (84 g ha-1) não foi seletivo para a crotalária. Os herbicidas imazethapyr (79,5 g ha-1), flumiclorac (em aplicação sequencial), bentazon (576 g ha-1), além da associação entre clethodim + quizalofop podem ser utilizados para o manejo de plantas daninhas na cultura da crotalária.

Weed control is essential to reduce or eliminate the interference of weeds on crops. Chemical control with the application of herbicides consists of the most used method, with this aim in grain producing areas. Information about the selectivity of herbicides to C. spectabilis (showy crotalaria) are scarce, which are critical for the management of this species as a crop. One field experiment was performed to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides applied in post - emergence of showy crotalaria. The herbicides bentazon (720 and 576 g ha - 1 ), imazethapyr (106 and 79.5 g ha - 1 ), pyrithiobac - sodium (84 g ha - 1 ), flumiclorac (60 g ha - 1 ), flumiclorac in sequential application (30 / 30 g ha - 1 ), imazethapyr + bentazon (106 + 480 g ha - 1 ), and clethodim + quizalofop (96 + 100 g ha - 1 ) were applied in plants with four true leaves, also using a control without herbicide application. Pyrithiobac - sodium and flumiclorac isolated and the tankmix of imazethapyr + bentazon provided greater injuries to showy crotalaria, also affecting the final plant height. Pyrithiobac - sodium (84 g ha - 1 ) was not selective to showy crotalaria. The herbicides imazethapyr (79.5 g ha - 1 ), flumiclorac (sequential application), and bentazon (576 g ha - 1 ), despite the association between clethodim + quizalofop, can be used for weed management in showy crotalaria crop.

ABSTRACT Due to the quantitative and qualitative limitation of water resources, saline water irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilisation can contribute positively to the expansion of sunflower cultivation in the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate production components and yield of sunflower, cv. "Embrapa 122-V2000‟, irrigated with waters of different salinity levels (electrical conductivity - ECw) and fertilised with varying amounts of N in a field experiment in a eutrophic Quartzarenic Neosol from November 2012 to February 2013. The experiment was performed in a completely randomised block design in split plots, in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme, which corresponded to five ECw levels (0.15, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 dS m-1) and four N levels (60, 80, 100 and 120 kg ha-1), with three replicates and 30 plants per plot. The interaction between water salinity levels and N did not have significant effects on the studied variables; irrigation water salinity had isolated negative effects on the total number of achenes, number of viable achenes, productivity and oil yield of achenes. The increase in N levels stimulated the total number and the number of viable achenes, the mass of 1,000 achenes, capitulum diameter and productivity of achenes of sunflower, cv. "Embrapa 122-V2000‟, but had no effect on the oil content of achenes. N levels of up to 100 kg ha-1 promoted adequate oil content in the achenes of sunflower, cv "Embrapa 122-V2000‟. | RESUMO Diante da diminuição quantitativa e qualitativa de recursos hídricos, a irrigação com água salina e a adubação nitrogenada podem contribuir de forma positiva para a expansão do cultivo de girassol na região semiárida do Nordeste brasileiro. Deste modo objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os componentes de produção e o rendimento do girassol, cv. Embrapa 122-V2000, irrigado com águas de diferentes salinidades (condutividade elétrica - CEa) e níveis de nitrogênio no solo, em experimento de campo conduzido em um Neossolo Quartezarênico eutrófico no período de novembro de 2012 a fevereiro de 2013. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados analisados em parcelas subdivididas, no arranjo fatorial 5 x 4, relativo a cinco níveis de CEa: 0,15; 1,5; 2,5; 3,5 e 4,5 dS m-1 e quatro níveis de nitrogênio de 60, 80, 100 e 120 kg ha-1, com três repetições e 30 plantas por parcela. A interação entre os níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação e de nitrogênio não exerceu efeitos significativos sobre as variáveis estudadas; os efeitos isolados da salinidade das águas de irrigação inibiram o número total de aquênios, o número de aquênios viáveis, a produtividade e o rendimento em óleo dos aquênios. O aumento dos níveis de nitrogênio, exceto sobre o teor de óleo dos aquênios, estimulou o número de aquênios total e viáveis, a massa de mil aquênios, o diâmetro do capítulo e a produtividade de aquênios do girassol cv. Embrapa 122-V2000. O nível de N de até 100 kg ha-1 proporcionou teor adequado de óleo nos aquênios de girassol cv. Embrapa 122-V2000.

Due to the quantitative and qualitative limitation of water resources, saline water irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilisation can contribute positively to the expansion of sunflower cultivation in the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate production components and yield of sunflower, cv. „Embrapa 122 - V2000‟, irrigated with waters of different salinity levels (electrical conductivity – ECw) and fertilised with varying amounts of N in a field experiment in an eutrophic Quartzarenic Neosol from November 2012 to February 2013. The experiment was performed in a completely randomised block design in split plots, in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme, which corresponded to five ECw levels (0.15, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 dS m - 1 ) and four N levels (60, 80, 100 and 120 kg ha - 1 ), with three replicates and 30 plants per plot. The interaction between water salinity levels and N did not have significant effects on the studied variables; irrigation water salinity had isolated negative effects on the total number of achenes, number of viable achenes, productivity and oil yield of achenes. The increase in N levels stimulated the total number and the number of viable achenes, the mass of 1,000 achenes, capitulum diameter and productivity of achenes of sunflower, cv. „Embrapa 122 - V2000‟, but had no effect on the oil content of achenes. N levels of up to 100 kg ha - 1 promoted adequate oil content in the achenes of sunflower, cv „Embrapa 122 - V2000‟.

RESUMO O presente estudo objetivou investigar a influência da ação antrópica na precipitação efetiva (Pe) e nas perdas de solo em microbacias submetidas a diferentes usos do solo em região de floresta tropical seca. A área experimental está localizada na parte central do estado do Ceará, Brasil. Os usos do solo investigados foram: Caatinga em Pousio (CP), Caatinga Raleada (CR) e manejo de Desmatamento da Caatinga seguido de Queima e cultivo de Pastagem (DQP). O monitoramento foi realizado na estação chuvosa (janeiro a maio) de 2010, com uma ocorrência de 57 eventos naturais de chuva, totalizando 941 mm precipitados. Na quantificação da Pe e produção de sedimentos foi feito um somatório para todos os eventos ocorridos no período de estudo e nas perdas de solo consideraram-se os sedimentos em suspensão e em arraste. Em condições de pousio, a Pe e a produção de sedimentos foram de 15,13 mm e 167,81 kg ha-1 respectivamente. Os menores valores de Pe (11,28 mm) ocorreram na microbacia cujo uso da terra era o CR, cujas perdas de solo totalizaram 42,04 kg ha-1. No uso da terra DQP foi registrada a maior Pe anual com 112,88 mm ano-1 de lâmina escoada acumulada, bem como as maiores perdas de solo anual (3.114,97 kg ha-1). A maior inferência da cobertura vegetal nos dois processos investigados ocorreu para os primeiros eventos, quando o estrato herbáceo ainda não estava desenvolvido. | ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of anthropic activities on the effective precipitation (eP) and soil loss in watersheds under different land uses in a tropical dry forest region. The experimental area was located in the central part of the State of Ceará, Brazil. The land uses evaluated were: fallow Caatinga (FC), thinned Caatinga (TC) and deforested Caatinga followed by a burning procedure and pasture cultivation (DBP). The areas were monitored in the rainy season (January to May, 2010), when 57 natural rainfalls occurred, totaling 941 mm of precipitation. The eP and sediment productions were quantified by the sum of all occurrences during the study period, and the soil loss was represented by suspended and dragged sediments. The eP was 15.13 mm and sediment produced was 167.81 kg ha-1 in FC conditions. The eP values was smaller (11.28 mm) in the watershed with TC, which had soil loss sum of 42.04 kg ha-1. The largest annual eP was found in the DBP area, with 112.88 mm yr-1 of accumulated water depth, which also showed the greater annual soil loss (3114.97 kg ha-1). The greatest interference of plant cover in the two variables evaluated occurred in the first precipitation events, when the plants were not yet fully developed.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of anthropic activities on the effective precipitation (eP) and soil loss in watersheds under different land uses in a tropical dry forest region. The experimental area was located in the central part of the State of Ceará, Brazil. The land uses evaluated were: fallow Caatinga (FC), thinned Caatinga (TC) and deforested Caatinga followed by a burning procedure and pasture cultivation (DBP). The areas were monitored in the rainy season (January to May, 2010), when 57 natural rainfalls occurred, totaling 941 mm of precipitation. The eP and sediment productions were quantified by the sum of all occurrences during the study period, and the soil loss was represented by suspended and dragged sediments. The eP was 15.13 mm and sediment produced was 167.81 kg ha - 1 in FC conditions. The eP values was smaller (11.28 mm) in the watershed with TC, which had soil loss sum of 42.04 kg ha - 1 . The largest annual eP was found in the DBP area, with 112.88 mm yr - 1 of accumulated water depth, which also showed the greater annual soil loss (3114.97 kg ha - 1 ). The greatest interference of plant cover in the two variables evaluated occurred in the first precipitation events, when the plants were not yet fully developed.

ABSTRACT The Rafael Fernandes experimental farm is located in the Alagoinha district, northwest of Mossoró, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, over two pedogenic formations of different edaphic characteristics, thus needing a more detailed description of its soil types, since this area hosts several experimental fields for researches on agriculture. The objective of this work was to characterize the morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical features of the most representative soils of this farm, in order to understand its pedogenesis and define its classifications. The whole area was surveyed in order to assess its more representative pedogenic formations. Three soil profiles were classified and described, from which samples were collected in all horizons for physical, chemical and mineralogical analysis. The parent materials and the relief were the determining factors for pedogenic processes of desilication, podzolization and laterization, generating the three main soil types of the area, which were classified up to the 4th categorical level and described as: Typic Rhodustults (P1), Rhodic Haplustox (P2) and Typic Plinthustalfs (P3). | RESUMO A fazenda experimental Rafael Fernandes está localizada no distrito de Alagoinha e inserida entre duas pedoformas da região noroeste do município de Mossoró-RN, apresentando características edáficas distintas, o que gera a necessidade de descrições mais detalhadas acerca das classes de solos existentes na área, uma vez que a mesma dispõe de diversos campos experimentais com pesquisas na área de ciências agrárias. Assim, a realização do presente trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização morfológica, física, química e mineralógica dos solos mais representativos da fazenda a fim de compreender a pedogênese e definir sua classificação. Foram realizadas viagens de reconhecimento de toda a área para a decisão das pedoformas mais representativas e assim definidos três perfis de solo, os quais foram descritos e coletadas as amostras em todos os horizontes para a realização das análises físicas, químicas e mineralógicas. Os resultados permitiram concluir que o material de origem e o relevo foram os fatores determinantes para a ocorrência dos processos pedogenéticos de latolização, podzolização e plintitização, gerando a identificação de três classes de solo principais na Fazenda Experimental que, classificados em 4° nível categórico, definiram-se como: Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico Típico (P1), Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico Argissólico (P2) e Plintossolo Argiluvico Eutrófico Típico (P3).

The Rafael Fernandes experimental farm is located in the Alagoinha district, northwest of Mossoró, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, over two pedogenic formations of different edaphic characteristics, thus needing a more detailed description of its soil types, since this area hosts several experimental fields for researches on agriculture. The objective of this work was to characterize the morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical features of the most representative soils of this farm, in order to understand its pedogenesis and define its classifications. The whole area was surveyed in order to assess its more representative pedogenic formations. Three soil profiles were classified and described, from which samples were collected in all horizons for physical, chemical and mineralogical analysis. The parent materials and the relief were the determining factors for pedogenic processes of desilication, podzolization and laterization, generating the three main soil types of the area, which were classified up to the 4 th categorical level and described as: Typic Rhodustults (P1), Rhodic Haplustox (P2) and Typic Plinthustalfs (P3).