Uno de los mayores problemas para obtener agua potable es la remoción de hierro en aguas de aljibes y pozos de agua subterránea. En este artículo se presentan los resultados del tratamiento del agua de un manantial con un contenido de hierro de 7,27 mg/L. Se encontró que la combinación óptima de tratamiento para hierro fue la de la coprecipitación con cloruro férrico y cal, aunque el tratamiento con alumbre y cal, con cloruro férrico, con permanganato de potasio y cal, y con cloro, también permiten la remoción requerida. | One of the main problems for obtaining drinking water is the removal of iron in springs and wells of groundwater. This article presents the results of the treatment of the water from spring with a content of 7,27 mg Fe/L. It was observed that the best combination of treatment for iron was the coprecipitation with ferric chloride and lime, although the treatment with alum and lime, with ferric chloride, with potassium permanganate and lime, and with chloride, also achieves the required removal.

This publication provides guidance to water-sector decision makers and planners on how to deal with the quality dimension of groundwater resources management in the World Bank's client countries. There is growing evidence of increasing pollution threats to groundwater and some well-documented cases of irreversible damage to important aquifers. This guide has been produced in the belief that groundwater pollution hazard assessment must become an essential part of environmental best practice for water supply utilities. The guide is particularly relevant for the World Bank's Latin American and Caribbean Region, where many countries have initiated major changes to modernize their institutional and legal framework for water resources management, but may not yet have considered groundwater at the same level as surface water, because of lack of awareness and knowledge of groundwater issues and policy options.

Sendo as veredas importantes reguladores do equilíbrio dos cursos d'água da região dos cerrados, objetivou-se caracterizar e comparar solo, água e tipo de uso destes ambientes nas superfícies geomórficas Chapadas e Arenito Bauru. Foram coletadas amostras dos solos e da água, das veredas. O uso foi analisado por observações de campo e entrevistas com proprietários rurais. As veredas apresentam solos hidromórficos em toda a sua extensão, havendo maior homogeneidade no Bauru. Do terço superior em direção ao terço inferior, a drenagem piora, e são maiores os teores de argila, matéria orgânica e fertilidade natural. As veredas do Bauru apresentam melhor drenagem, maior fertilidade, menores teores de matéria orgânica de argila. A água enquadrou-se na classe 4, principalmente em função da cor, acompanhando variações do teor de matéria orgânica do solo. Nas veredas da Chapada, o uso da água na agricultura gera risco de contaminação ambiental, enquanto no Bauru, é comum seu represamento para dessedentação do gado. Os solos das veredas do Bauru são utilizados com freqüência para pastagem nativa, os da Chapada, são mantidos sem uso. A cor preta ou cinzenta dos solos é um atributo de fácil identificação no campo para delimitar tais ambientes.<br>Being the veredas (swampy plains between hills and rivers) important regulators of water courses equilibrium at the cerrado region, we aimed to characterize and to compare soils, water and use type of these environments in Chapada and Arenito Bauru geomorphic surfaces. Soil and water samples were collected from the veredas. The use was analysed through field observations and interviews with farmers. The veredas present hydromorphic soils in all their extension, occurring higher homogeneity in Bauru. From the superior to the inferior part, the drainage gets worse, and the clay contents, organic matter and natural fertility increase. The Bauru veredas present better drainage, higher natural fertility, smaller amounts of organic matter and clay.The water was classified as class 4, mainly as a function of color, following variations in the soil organic matter content. At Chapada veredas, the water use in agriculture generates environmental contamination risk, while at the Bauru ones, it is common the water damming up for cattle supplying. The soils of Bauru veredas are frequently used for native pasture, while the Chapada ones are maintained without use. The black or grayish color of the veredas soils is an easily-identifiable field attribute for delimitation of such environments.

Sendo as veredas importantes reguladores do equilíbrio dos cursos d'água da região dos cerrados, objetivou-se caracterizar e comparar solo, água e tipo de uso destes ambientes nas superfícies geomórficas Chapadas e Arenito Bauru. Foram coletadas amostras dos solos e da água, das veredas. O uso foi analisado por observações de campo e entrevistas com proprietários rurais. As veredas apresentam solos hidromórficos em toda a sua extensão, havendo maior homogeneidade no Bauru. Do terço superior em direção ao terço inferior, a drenagem piora, e são maiores os teores de argila, matéria orgânica e fertilidade natural. As veredas do Bauru apresentam melhor drenagem, maior fertilidade, menores teores de matéria orgânica de argila. A água enquadrou-se na classe 4, principalmente em função da cor, acompanhando variações do teor de matéria orgânica do solo. Nas veredas da Chapada, o uso da água na agricultura gera risco de contaminação ambiental, enquanto no Bauru, é comum seu represamento para dessedentação do gado. Os solos das veredas do Bauru são utilizados com freqüência para pastagem nativa, os da Chapada, são mantidos sem uso. A cor preta ou cinzenta dos solos é um atributo de fácil identificação no campo para delimitar tais ambientes. | Being the veredas (swampy plains between hills and rivers) important regulators of water courses equilibrium at the cerrado region, we aimed to characterize and to compare soils, water and use type of these environments in Chapada and Arenito Bauru geomorphic surfaces. Soil and water samples were collected from the veredas. The use was analysed through field observations and interviews with farmers. The veredas present hydromorphic soils in all their extension, occurring higher homogeneity in Bauru. From the superior to the inferior part, the drainage gets worse, and the clay contents, organic matter and natural fertility increase. The Bauru veredas present better drainage, higher natural fertility, smaller amounts of organic matter and clay.The water was classified as class 4, mainly as a function of color, following variations in the soil organic matter content. At Chapada veredas, the water use in agriculture generates environmental contamination risk, while at the Bauru ones, it is common the water damming up for cattle supplying. The soils of Bauru veredas are frequently used for native pasture, while the Chapada ones are maintained without use. The black or grayish color of the veredas soils is an easily-identifiable field attribute for delimitation of such environments.

Climate change is at the top of the development agenda in Central America. This region, together with the Caribbean, is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change in Latin America. Climate change is manifesting itself through higher average temperatures and more frequent droughts that result in higher water stress, and through the rising frequency of extreme weather events such as tropical storms, hurricanes, floods and landslides, all of which pose significant challenges in the rural water supply and sanitation sector. The paper starts with a review of the historic data on temperature and precipitation trends in Central America and particularly at the regional level in Nicaragua. The data reveal a clear trend of the growing climate variability, increased water stress for crops, and greater frequency of extreme weather events. The rising intensity and frequency of ex-treme weather events is among the most critical risks to the region's development agenda, and they translate into high economic losses. This paper examines the impacts and implications of potential climate change on water resources in Nicaragua and makes key recommendations to integrate climate change and rural water supply and sanitation policies and programs in a way that increase resilience to current and future climate conditions. | 0

The present had the purpose of expanding the hydrogeochemical knowledge of the aquifer in the area of ​​the sub-basin of the Acahuapa River, in the department of San Vicente. Samples were collected from 10 points in the surface waters of the water network of the sub-basin. The samplings were carried out in the dry and rainy season during the period from February 2011 to August 2012. The parameters analyzed were cation data (Na, K, Ca, Mg, total Fe) and anions (HCO-3 , Cl-, SO-24, CaCO3-2), as well as carbonates in order to determine the mass balance and flow of CO2 gas. In addition, physicochemical parameters of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and electrical conductivity. Such analyzes are sufficient for the study of the main chemical processes in most aquifers and their relationships with hydrological systems. In general, it was concluded that the chemical behavior of the aquifer in the Acahuapa river sub-basin in both rainy and dry seasons is similar, and that the predominant water families are bicarbonate magnesium and calcium bicarbonate. The bicarbonated waters are bad for irrigation, due to the fixation of ions in the ground and creation of an alkaline environment. | El presente tuvo la finalidad de ampliar el conocimiento hidrogeoquímico del acuífero en la zona de la subcuenca del río Acahuapa, en el departamento de San Vicente.&nbsp;Se recolectaron muestras de 10 puntos en las aguas superficiales de la red hídrica de la subcuenca. &nbsp;Los muestreos se llevaron a cabo en la época seca y lluviosa durante el periodo comprendido de febrero de 2011 hasta agosto de 2012.&nbsp; &nbsp;Los parámetros analizados fueron datos de cationes (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe total) y aniones (HCO-3, Cl-, SO-24, CaCO3-2), así como de carbonatos con el fin de determinar el balance de masa y flujo de gas CO2. Además, parámetros fisicoquímicos de temperatura, oxígeno disuelto, pH y conductividad eléctrica. Tales análisis son suficientes para el estudio de los principales procesos químicos en la mayoría de los acuíferos y sus relaciones con los sistemas hidrológicos. De forma general se concluyó que el comportamiento químico del acuífero en la subcuenca del río Acahuapa en ambas épocas lluviosa y seca, es similar, y que las familias de agua predominantes son bicarbonatadas magnésicas y cálcicas bicarbonatadas. Las aguas bicarbonatadas son malas para riego, debido a la&nbsp;fijación de iones en el terreno y creación de un medio alcalino.

[ES] El agua es un recurso imprescindible para la vida y, por tanto, es necesario preservar su calidad. Si bien la mayoría de los problemas relacionados con la salud derivan de la contaminación microbiológica del agua de consumo, existen algunos problemas derivados de la contaminación química. En muchas localidades es habitual que existan manantiales o puntos de agua asociados a las aguas subterráneas. La gestión de estas aguas subterráneas es más compleja por la dificultad de control al existir numerosos puntos de toma, y es conveniente, por tanto, conocer su calidad, ya que sirven en muchas localidades como puntos de abastecimiento. La calidad va asociada, en parte, al tipo de acuífero y características del mismo, pero los usos cercanos del suelo pueden modificar sus propiedades originales. Por tanto es importante conocer aspectos físicos del mismo como litologías, hidrogeología, etc. Si bien el IGME proporciona en su página web valiosa información de estos parámetros físicos, no siempre esta información va acompañada de los correspondientes parámetros químicos del agua. El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar un catálogo de los manantiales o fuentes de los términos de Benafer y Viver, en la provincia de Castellón, realizando una ficha de cada uno de ellos con la información disponible en los diferentes organismos públicos (IGME, etc.) sobre sus características hidrogeológicas, y completarla con algunos de los principales parámetros fisico-químicos. Para ello, una vez identificadas los diferentes manantiales o fuentes, se tomarán muestras y se analizarán en el laboratorio algunas de las principales características químicas (pH, conducitividad, carbonatos, bicarbonatos, cloruros, nitratos, amonio...). La toma de muestras se realizará al final del invierno (finales de febrero-principio de marzo) y al final de la primavera (finales de mayo). Se pretende con ello evaluar la variación estacional de las variables analizadas. Los resultados se analizarán teniendo en cuenta también los diferentes usos del suelo en las proximidades de los puntos de agua seleccionados. | [EN] Water is a resource essential to life and its quality must be maintained and monitored. Most threats to drinking water are caused by microbiological contamination but chemical contamination can also present problems. Many villages in Castellón province have sources or water points associated with groundwater, frequently with multiple points of water output and this makes their management more complex. It is important to verify their quality because they often supply the local population. Water quality is related in part to soil type and characteristics, but nearby land use can also modify their original properties. The Geological Survey of Spain (Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, IGME) provides valuable information on the physical parameters, but this information is not always accompanied by the relevant chemical parameters. This document presents a catalogue of sources or springs in the municipalities of Benafer, Caudiel and Viver in the province of Castellón in Eastern Spain, with a data sheet for each water point. Each sheet contains hydrogeological information made available by various public bodies (IGME, etc) supplemented by the main physical and chemical parameters. Once the various springs or sources were identified, samples were taken and analysed in the laboratory for key chemical characteristics (pH, conductivity, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, nitrates, ammonium etc). Sampling was conducted in late winter, spring and early summer in order to investigate seasonal variations in the parameters. Land use in the vicinity of selected water points was also taken into account. | Piqueras Urbán, V. (2015). Calidad fisico-química del agua en los manantiales de los términos municipales de Benafer y Viver (Castellón). http://hdl.handle.net/10251/55816.

The properties of water suffer from different types of interference, whether natural or anthropic, and it is essential to know these characteristics in order to later determine their purpose. The objective of this research was to qualify and quantify the physical, chemical, microbiological and emerging environmental contaminants, pesticides and veterinary drugs variables, in spring waters, located in rural properties, which are used for human consumption, in regions of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, under different land uses and occupation, as well as compare with the required potability standards and correlate these variables. The research had as conditions of land use and occupation: native forest (public domain properties), and production areas with swine activities and soy and tobacco crops. Each condition of land use and occupation consisted of five replications and two collections in 2019 (May and November). Statistical analyzes of physical, chemical and microbiological variables were performed using the t test for independent samples, confidence intervals, Pearson's linear correlation through pairs and canonical coefficients and grouping analysis. Due to the microbiological variables and the pH and apparent color, the spring waters studied are not potable, as they are not in compliance with the current Brazilian legislation and the World Health Organization. The analysis of Pearson's correlation between canonical coefficients, showed that the variables total alkalinity, total hardness and electrical conductivity have a positive correlation of wide magnitude, the same occurring between turbidity, apparent color, true color and total iron, between total iron and nitrite and between turbidity and total coliforms. With regard to canonical pairs, a positive correlation of wide magnitude between total iron and nitrate was observed with electrical conductivity and between total ammonia and total alkalinity. Due to the contribution of the total coliforms present in the native forest springs, through the grouping analysis that differed it from the other conditions of land use. Veterinary and pesticide drugs were found in all conditions of land use and occupation under study, which shows that land uses do not interfere in the absence of residues of emerging environmental contaminants. The herbicide Clomazona was found in 95% of water samples and collections. Most rural properties are classified with good preservation. However, the waters of the studied springs are not suitable for human consumption from the perspective of physical, chemical and microbiological variables compared with VMP by legislation. | Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES | As propriedades das águas sofrem diversos tipos de interferências, sejam naturais ou antrópicas, e é fundamental conhecer essas características para, posteriormente, determinar a sua finalidade. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi qualificar e quantificar as variáveis físicas, químicas, microbiológicas e de contaminantes ambientais emergentes, agrotóxicos e medicamentos veterinários, em águas de nascentes, localizadas em propriedades rurais, que são utilizadas para consumo humano, em regiões do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sob diferentes usos e ocupação do solo, bem como comparar com os padrões de potabilidade exigidos e correlacionar essas variáveis. A pesquisa teve como condições de uso e ocupação do solo: mata nativa (propriedades de domínio público), e áreas de produção com atividades suinícolas e culturas de soja e fumo. Cada condição de uso e ocupação do solo constituiu-se em cinco repetições e em duas coletas no ano de 2019 (maio e novembro). As análises estatísticas das variáveis físicas, químicas e microbiológicas foram realizadas através do teste t para amostras independentes, intervalos de confiança, correlação linear de Pearson através dos pares e coeficientes canônicos e análise de agrupamento. Em função das variáveis microbiológicas e do pH e cor aparente, as águas de nascentes estudadas não são potáveis, já que não estão em conformidade com a legislação brasileira vigente e com a Organização Mundial de Saúde. A análise da correlação de Pearson entre os coeficientes canônicos, mostrou que as variáveis alcalinidade total, dureza total e condutividade elétrica possuem correlação positiva de ampla magnitude, ocorrendo o mesmo entre turbidez, cor aparente, cor verdadeira e ferro total, entre ferro total e nitrito e entre turbidez e coliformes totais. Com relação aos pares canônicos observou-se correlação positiva de ampla magnitude entre ferro total e nitrato com a condutividade elétrica e entre amônia total e alcalinidade total. Devido à contribuição dos coliformes totais presentes nas nascentes de mata nativa, através da análise de agrupamento que a diferiu das demais condições de uso do solo. Foram encontrados medicamentos veterinários e agrotóxicos em todas as condições de uso e ocupação do solo em estudo, o que evidencia que os usos do solo não interferem na ausência de resíduos de contaminantes ambientais emergentes. O herbicida Clomazona foi encontrado em 95% das amostras e coletas de água realizadas. A maioria das propriedades rurais estão classificadas com boa preservação. Contudo, as águas das nascentes estudadas não estão aptas para consumo humano sob a ótica das variáveis físicas, químicas e microbiológicas comparadas com os VMP pelas legislações.

Proyecto de Graduación (Licenciatura en Ingeniería Agrícola) Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ingeniería Agrícola, 2021 | Esta tesis cumple con el Objetivo ODS 6: Garantizar la disponibilidad y la gestión sostenible del agua y el saneamiento para todas las personas. Meta 4 Aumentar considerablemente el uso eficiente de los recursos hídricos en todos los sectores y asegurar la sostenibilidad de la extracción y el abastecimiento de agua dulce para hacer frente a la escasez de agua y reducir considerablemente el número de personas que sufren falta de agua. | Los efectos climáticos y sísmicos en el cantón de Alvarado sobre el servicio de agua potable han provocado la necesidad de buscar nuevas fuentes hídricas para abastecer a la población, por tanto, se propone el diseño de un sistema de conducción para abastecer a la comunidad de La Enseñanza. El diseño se realizó a partir de la demanda hídrica de la comunidad, establecida en 7,6 l/s para una población de diseño de 2725 personas, abastecida mediante el manantial el Salto. Se diseñó una captación que consta de tres partes: un canal, una cámara húmeda y una cámara seca, todo esto permite que el agua sea almacenada y transportada a la tubería diseñada. La línea de conducción se diseñó mediante tubería de PVC de diámetro comercial de 75 milímetros con cédulas de SDR 32,5 y 26 en diferentes tramos aprovechando la gravedad que ofrece el sitio. Además, cuenta con distintos accesorios de conexión y protección. Así mismo, se determinó que el actual sistema de almacenamiento tiene un déficit de 140 m3 y que el valor total de implementación del sistema de conducción es de 13.761.000 colones. El diseño se respalda de acuerdo con la normativa técnica establecida por el AyA. | The climatic and seismic effects in the canton of Alvarado on the drinking water service, have caused the need to search for new sources of water to supply the population, therefore, the design of a conduction system is proposed to supply the community of La Enseñanza. The design was made based on the community's water demand established at 7,6 l / s for a design population of 2725 people, supplied by the El Salto spring. A catchment consisting of three parts was designed: a channel, a humid chamber, and a dry chamber, all this allows the water to be stored and transported to the designed pipe. The conduction was designed using 75 mm nominal diameter PVC pipe with SDR 32,5 and 26 schedules in different sections, taking advantage of the gravity offered by the site. In addition, the conduction system has various connection and protection accessories. Likewise, the study determines that the current storage system has a deficit of 140 m3 and that the total value of the implementation of the conduction system is 13.761.000 colones. The design is supported in accordance with the technical regulations established by the AyA.