Microbiological Examination Methods of Food and Water (2nd edition) is an illustrated laboratory manual that provides an overview of current standard microbiological culture methods for the examination of food and water, adhered to by renowned international organizations, such as ISO, AOAC, APHA, FDA and FSIS/USDA. It includes methods for the enumeration of indicator microorganisms of general contamination, indicators of hygiene and sanitary conditions, sporeforming, spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria. Every chapter begins with a comprehensive, in-depth and updated bibliographic reference on the microorganism(s) dealt with in that particular section of the book. The latest facts on the taxonomic position of each group, genus or species are given, as well as clear guidelines on how to deal with changes in nomenclature on the internet. All chapters provide schematic comparisons between the methods presented, highlighting the main differences and similarities. This allows the user to choose the method that best meets his/her needs. Moreover, each chapter lists validated alternative quick methods, which, though not described in the book, may and can be used for the analysis of the microorganism(s) dealt with in that particular chapter. The didactic setup and the visualization of procedures in step-by-step schemes allow the user to quickly perceive and execute the procedure intended. Support material such as drawings, procedure schemes and laboratory sheets are available for downloading and customization. This compendium will serve as an up-to-date practical companion for laboratory professionals, technicians and research scientists, instructors, teachers and food and water analysts. Alimentary engineering, chemistry, biotechnology and biology (under)graduate students specializing in food sciences will also find the book beneficial. It is furthermore suited for use as a practical/laboratory manual for graduate courses in Food Engineering and Food Microbiology.

Mestrado em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia | As florestas são uma componente importante do ciclo da água. São grandes utilizadores de água, que armazenam e usam na produção de biomassa, influenciam o seu movimento contínuo, favorecendo a infiltração e contribuindo para a precipitação, através da evapotranspiração. Nos últimos anos, o impacto das florestas, e mais especificamente das plantações florestais, nos recursos hídricos locais e no ciclo hidrológico global tem sido objecto de discussão aprofundada, a nível nacional e internacional. A crescente preocupação com o impacto das actividades humanas sobre o recurso água, conduziu a uma maior consciencialização da necessidade da sua gestão sustentável. Este tema tem estado no centro de debates entre investigadores, academia, indústria, legisladores, organizações ambientais e a sociedade em geral. Neste contexto, têm surgido várias metodologias com o intuito de avaliar e quantificar o uso da água na cadeia de produção de diversos produtos, como, por exemplo: Water Footprint Network (WFN), Norma ISO – ISO 14046, EWP – Water Stewardship Program, PREPS Watertool. Estas metodologias tornaram-se poderosos instrumentos de comunicação, cuja influência na aceitabilidade social de diversas actividades é relevante. No entanto, o seu rigor e fundamentação científica é por vezes questionável. Tal é o caso do conceito Water Footprint Network, metodologia pioneira, na introdução do conceito e na contabilização da pegada hídrica e que tem actualmente grande impacto na opinião pública. Este trabalho pretende ter uma ação pedagógica de divulgação, fazendo uma revisão actualizada do conhecimento sobre a relações florestas-água e, com base nisso, uma apreciação crítica da aplicação da componente “água verde” da WFN a povoamentos de Eucalyptus globulus e à produção de papel em Portugal. Dois exercícios de cálculo para povoamentos de Eucalipto em Portugal, evidenciam algumas das fragilidades da metodologia e que a pegada hídrica de 1 folha de papel A4, inicialmente estimados pelo WFN, de 10 litros é uma clara sobreestimativa | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Abstract: The Programa Água Doce-PAD(in English: Fresh Water Program) promoted by the Brazilian Federal Government under the coordinationof the Environmental Ministry, seeks to promote sustainable use of groundwater resources and provide potable water for human consumption in areas withcriticalwater scarcity in the Brazilian Semiarid region, through the use of the Reverse Osmosis Technique. The Program is guided by the following principles: community empowerment, environmental sustainability and technicalcapacity building. The methodology that led the Program to becomea success case was conceived in 2003, through a participatory process with the contribution of public Brazilian institutions such as: Federal University of Campina Grande-UFCG (Social Engagement Procedure); Brazilian Geologic Service-CPRM (Ground Water information), Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation ?EMBRAPA (Methodology for the reuse of desalinated water concentrate), besides 10 Brazilian State ?s Governments and the civil society. The Program was launched in 2004.Ithas, presently,more than 460 installed Desalination Plants, which, together,can producea total of approximately 1.5 million liters (around 400,000 gallons) of potable water per day (considering a 8h/per dayproduction).It has,so far,benefited about 184,000 people in over 460 rural communities spread throughout the Brazilian semiarid region, ensuring safe water access to its residents. The program has already trained more than 1,000 people, including state technicians and operators of desalination systems. The Program contributes to improving the health and life quality of people in the semiarid regionas it takesinto account the naturaland socialpotential of each communitie, ensuring ways to address the vulnerabilities to which they are subjected becauseof climate variability. Social engagement is a mandatory aspect for the Program?s success. Local communities are stimulated to gain their independence by having, through the PAD methodology, their empowerment encouraged and demanded.The ultimate goal of the first large scaleplan is to take Desalination Systems to at least 1,300 communities throughout the Brazilian Semiaridregion. The Environmental Ministry is seeking to improve the systems with solar energy and automatized machinery,looking forward to improve local communities? independence.

The Government of Honduras piloted and adopted a major new data platform, “Agua de Honduras” that provides data on hydrology, vegetative cover, soil properties, along with future climate scenarios. Implemented by the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) and contributing to the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE), the platform has been aiding water management decisions, including being used 150 times to identify rainwater harvesting sites and influencing at least one local land investment decision.

In these work, it is analyzed the influence of different factor as variety, planting date and soil type in the water response of main agricultural crop based using available information obtained from more than 100 feld experiments due in Cuba; its include 20 crops, 6 different soils types and water management and it was also used the water yield functions obtained in antecedent studies. The variety factor was analyzed for corn and pepper comparing results of yield water functions for different varieties in the same type of soil, Ferrasol. The planting date factor was analyzed comparing results for soybean in summer, spring and winter season, for sorgo crop in summer and winter season and for pepper in november- april and march-may planting date. The soil factor was analyzed comparing results in pepper crop for two soil type, Ferrasol and Aluvial soil and in the sweet potato in three soil type, Ferrasol, Aluvial and Pardo soils. The analysis showed evidencesthat although it was found particulars differences between varieties, plant season and soil types considering the absolutes values of yield and evapotranspiration or water applied, the response model was similar in all conditions studied indicating in this way, that it is possible to obtaina general model for different conditions where the model is applicable. | En este trabajo se analiza la influencia de los factores variedad, época de siembra y suelo en la respuesta al agua de cultivos de importancia agrícola, para ello se utilizó la información obtenida en más de 100 experimentos de campo realizados en Cuba en más de 20 cultivos, 6 suelos y un rango amplio de manejos de riego y se utilizaron además las funciones agua rendimiento obtenidas en estudios antecedentes. El factor variedad se analizó para los cultivos de maíz y pimiento comparando los resultados de la función evapotranspiración-rendimiento para diferentes variedades en un mismo tipo de suelo, Ferralítico Rojo Compactado. El efecto de la época de siembra se analizó comparando los resultados de la soya (verano, primavera, invierno), sorgo (verano, invierno) y pimiento (noviembre-abril, marzo-mayo), todos en suelo Ferralítico Rojo Compactado. El factor suelo se analizó comparando los resultados obtenidos en el pimiento en dos suelos: Ferralítico Rojo y Aluvial y en el boniato para tres suelos: Ferralítico Rojo, Aluvial y Pardo con carbonatos. El análisis realizado evidencia que aunque se encontraron diferenciasparticulares entre variedades, épocas de siembra y/o tipos de suelos, al considerar los valores absolutos de rendimiento y evapotranspiración o agua aplicada, el modelo de respuesta fue similar en todas las condiciones estudiadas, de ahí que sea posible obtener un modelo más general utilizable en condiciones diversas.

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Um bom sistema de irrigação deve aplicar água no solo uniformemente, até determinada profundidade, propiciando umidade necessária ao desenvolvimento normal das espécies vegetais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a velocidade de infiltração básica (VIB) da água no solo e avaliar a uniformidade de distribuição de água de irrigação pelo sistema do tipo pivô central. A velocidade inicial de infiltração da água para cada um dos vãos do pivô foi de 79 mm h-1, 71 mm h-1, 49 mm h-1, 55 mm h-1 respectivamente, alcançou um valor constante de 2 mm h-1, sendo então este o valor denominado de VIB. Os coeficientes de uniformidade CUC, CUH e CUD foram classificados como bons, enquanto CUE e o CUA, classificados como regulares. Nenhum dos coeficientes de uniformidade encontrados apresentou-se na faixa de classificação como excelente, indicando a necessidade de identificação de problemas e realização de melhorias no funcionamento do pivô central. | A good irrigation system should apply water to the soil evenly, up to a certain depth, providing moisture necessary for the normal development of plant species. This study aimed to estimate the infiltration rate (VIB) of water in the soil and evaluate the uniformity of water distribution for irrigation center pivot system. The initial rate of water infiltration to each of the pivot openings was 79 mm h-1, 71 mm h-1, 49 mm h-1, 55 mm h-1 respectively reached a constant value of 2 mm h-1, then this value being called VIB. Uniformity coefficients CUC, CUH and CUD were classified as good, while CUE and CUA, classified as regular. None of the uniformity coefficients found were in the classification range as excellent, indicating the need<br />to identify problems and make improvements to the central pivot.

Muestra los avances del Perú en nueve ejes temáticos: seis principales (clima, personas, desarrollo, urbano, ecosistemas y finanzas) y tres transversales (gobernanza, capacidades y compartir), los cuales han sido establecidos para el 8° Foro a desarrollarse en Brasil del 18 al 23 de marzo del 2018. Los temas desarrollados están vinculados con los compromisos del Perú para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, así como, para implementar las recomendaciones de la Organización de Cooperación para el Desarrollo Económico derivadas de la Evaluación del Desempeño Ambiental. Este informe es resultado de un proceso participativo, en el que intervinieron como coordinadores el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y la Autoridad Nacional del Agua. Además, contó con el valioso aporte del Ministerio del Ambiente, Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento, Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego, y otras entidades públicas y privadas relacionadas con la gestión de los recursos hídricos en el Perú.

The employment of the super absorbents polymers known as “solid rain” it could be an alternative to shortage of water for the farmers, according to different reports their application in dissimilar production conditions. The present work has as objective to study the behavior of the “solid rain” under organoponic conditions for its possible introduction in Cuban agriculture. The study was carried out in the organoponic of the Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering where four beds was planted with tomato Vyta variety, at two of them was applied solid rain, in all beds pursuit was given to the behavior of the dynamics of humidity in the substrate, to the number of irrigation, the total doses, the water state of the plants, yields and quality of the productions. As a result one has that in the beds where the solid rain (SR) was applied the irrigation average was inferior in 22% in comparison with the beds witness, the total doses of irrigation varied in the range of 142,21 and 203,15 mm being inferior in the beds with SR, in the rehearsals witness the interval of watering average was of 3 days and where SR the interval was applied it was of 5 days. Lastly it was achieved bigger quality of the product and agronomic water of productivity in the beds where SR was applied, for what the employment of this polymer under organoponic conditions allows to maintain humidity levels in the soil that favored the good phonologic development crop. | El empleo de los polímeros súper absorbentes conocidos también como “lluvia sólida” podría ser una alternativa para enfrentar la escasez de agua por los agricultores, según diferentes reportes de su aplicación en disimiles condiciones de producción. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo estudiar el comportamiento de la “lluvia sólida” en condiciones de organopónico para su posible introducción en la agricultura cubana. El ensayo se llevó a cabo en el organopónico del Instituto de Investigaciones de Ingeniería Agrícola donde fueron plantados cuatro canteros con tomate variedad Vyta, a dos de ellos se le aplicó lluvia sólida. En todos los canteros se dio seguimiento al comportamiento de la dinámica de humedad en el sustrato, al número de riegos, las dosis totales, el estado hídrico de las plantas, rendimientos y calidad de las producciones. Como resultado se tiene que en los canteros donde se aplicó lluvia sólida (LLS) el promedio de riego fue inferior en un 22% en comparación con los canteros testigos, las dosis totales de riego variaron en el rango de 142,21 y 203,15 mm siendo inferiores en los canteros con LLS, en los ensayos testigos el intervalo de riego promedio fue de 3 días y donde se aplicó LLS el intervalo fue de 5 días. Por último se logró mayor calidad del producto y productividad agronómica del agua en los canteros donde se aplicó LLS, por lo que el empleo de dicho polímero en condiciones de organopónico permite mantener niveles de humedad en el suelo que favorecieron el buen desarrollo fenológico del cultivo.

El agua que consume la planta de algodón varia con respecto a la región donde se encuentre el cultivo, sin embargo, la distribución o el uso del agua durante su ciclo tiene aproximadamente la misma tendencia en todas las localidades. De esta manera, el consumo de agua en las primeras etapas de desarrollo del cultivo (establecimiento) es bajo (2 mm/día), debido a que el área foliar es pequeña el sistema de raíces superficial y las temperaturas altas. El período más crítico en el desarrollo del cultivo lo constituye el desarrollo de estructuras reproductivas, momento en el que el área foliar es máxima, el sistema de raíces profundo y las temperaturas más altas, en esta etapa las plantas consumen 3.8 mm/día. Luego, el consumo de agua disminuye a 2.2 mm/día cuando las plantas han alcanzado la madurez y el crecimiento vegetativo es muy bajo. La planta puede soportar un déficit de humedad al inicio de la etapa de formación de estructuras, favoreciendo la producción de más botones florales, sin embargo, la humedad debe restaurarse cuando comiencen a abrir las primeras flores, manteniendo un nivel adecuado hasta obtener un alto porcentaje de cápsulas maduras. Mediante un manejo adecuado de la humedad durante esta etapa crítica del cultivo se obtienen altos rendimientos de algodón de excelente calidad de fibra, ya que además de favorecer el llenado de la cápsula, se cumplen normalmente la elongación y engrosamiento de la fibra | 3203 | Bogotá (Colombia) : Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario, 1985 | Conferencias. Foro Tecnológico del Algodonero. Valledupar (Colombia), 18 Jun 1985 | p. 90-108