Gliadins are a large and complex group of proteins, consisting of dozens to hundreds of unique polypeptides in any wheat cultivar. Individual gliadins differ in molecular weight, isoelectric point, and amino acid sequences, making their analyses especially difficult. We here used preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in acidic conditions to fractionate gliadins of the cultivar Fraza. Resulting fractions were then analysed by ELISA to test their immunoreactive properties with antigliadin polyclonal antibodies. Preparative electrophoresis yielded 60 aliquots, of which 15 contained single proteins. Separated gliadins differed in immunoreactive properties: antigliadin antibodies bound stronger to alpha and beta gliadins, while the immunoenzymatic reaction with gamma and omega-gliadins was much weaker

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[SPA] Se estudió la calidad y vida útil del melón Galia almacenado en atmósfera controlada (AC). Tras su cosecha, los frutos se desinfectaron con 200 mg L-1 NaClO y se almacenaron a 8ºC y 90 % HR bajo 4 kPa O2+15 kPa CO2, 4 kPa O2+10 kPa CO2 ó 21 kPa O2+0 kPa CO2 (testigo). A los 10 y 28 días se evaluó la pérdida de peso, los daños por frío (DF) y las podredumbres. Seguidamente los frutos sanos permanecieron 24 y 96 h en aire a 15oC, tras lo cual se evaluó el color y firmeza de la piel así como el color, firmeza, sólidos solubles, pH, acidez titulable, azúcares, ácidos orgánicos y cata sensorial de la pulpa. Paralelamente se determinó la tasa respiratoria y la emisión de etileno. Los melones almacenados en AC 28 días presentaron menor pérdida de peso que los frutos testigo. La AC de 4 kPa O2+15 kPa CO2 logró un 77% de melones sanos y un 23% con DF, mientras que en 4 kPa O2+10 kPa CO2 hubo un 38% de frutos sanos, un 51% con DF y un 11% con podredumbres. En el testigo todos los melones se descartaron por podredumbre (30%) o DF (70%). La tasa respiratoria se estabilizó hacia el día 5, permaneciendo casi constante hasta el día 28 en 5,7 mg CO2 kg-1 h-1. La firmeza de la piel fue menor en el testigo que bajo AC. La duración del almacenamiento no influyó sobre la firmeza de la piel. La firmeza de la pulpa bajo 4 kPa O2+15 kPa CO2 fue la más elevada y en el testigo la menor. Los parámetros físico-químicos de la pulpa y la apreciación sensorial apenas sufrieron cambios ni diferencias entre ambas AC. Como principal conclusión, el melón almacenado en 4 kPa O2+15 kPa CO2 mostró la mejor calidad tras 28 días a 8ºC, siendo aceptable para la comercialización en fresco o como materia prima para el procesado mínimo industrial. Debido a que 8ºC produjo DF en aire a los 10 días, esta temperatura deberá elevarse para evitarlos y para prolongar la conservación en aire o en AC. [ENG] The influence of controlled atmosphere storage (CA) on quality and shelf life of melón cv. Galia was studied. After harvesting, the fruits were disinfected with 200 mg L-1 NaClO, and stored up to 28 days at 8ºC and 90 % RH under CA of 4 kPa O2+15 kPa CO2, 4 kPa O2+10 kPa CO2 or 21 kPa O2+0 kPa CO2 (control). The fruits were evaluated at days 10 and 28 for weight loss, chilling injury (CI) and decay, discarding the affected ones. After this sound melons were kept in air at 15ºC for 24 and 96 h, being then evaluated for color and firmness of the peel, and color, firmness, soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, sugar and organic acids content, and sensorial quality of the pulp. At the same time, the respiration rate and ethylene emission of the whole melon were determined. Melons stored in CA for 28 days showed lower weight loss than control fruit. For this time of storage, the CA of 4 kPa O2+15 kPa CO2 lead to 77% of sound melons and 23% with CI, whereas the treatment 4 kPa O2+10 kPa CO2 showed 38% of sound melons, 51% with CI and 11% decayed. All control melons were discarded by decay (30%) or CI (70%). The respiration rate became stabilized around the 5th day, and remaining quite constant until the day 28 with mean value of 5.7 mg CO2 kg-1 h-1. The peel firmness was lower in control than in CA treated melons and the storage duration did not influence firmness. The highest pulp firmness occurs in fruit under 4 kPa O2+15 kPa CO2 and the lowest in control. Little or not differences between treatments in physicalchemicals parameters of the pulp and sensorial evaluation were found. As main conclusion, melons stored 28 days at 8ºC in 4 kPa O2+15 kPa CO2 showed the best quality, leading to good enough fruit for commercialization or like raw material for the minimal processing industry. As 8ºC induced CI after 10 days, this temperature must be elevated to avoid this disorder and /or to prolong storage duration in air or CA. | A la Fundación Séneca de la Región de Murcia-España, Proyecto 00553/PI/04 or la financiación y a la Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Ensino Superior (CAPES) - Brasil, por el apoyo económico a B. Benedetti.

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International audience

Bolwig Simon, 'Quality or volume? An economic evaluation of coffee development strategies for Uganda', Development in Practice 17, IFPRI, 2007 | Journal article

Despite increasing acceptance that poverty is multidimensional, most policy work adopts a monetary definition. Using data for India and Peru, the authors compare four different approaches to poverty analysis at a theoretical and empirical level. Defining Poverty in the Developing World compares and contrasts monetary, capabilities, social exclusion and participatory approaches in a highly informative manner. The research elucidates the implications for measuring poverty and for policy, concluding that the approach chosen does make a marked difference to conclusions drawn.

Population policies are defined here as voluntary programs which help people control their fertility and expect to improve their lives. There are few studies of the long-run effects of policy-induced changes in fertility on the welfare of women, such as policies that subsidize the diffusion and use of best practice birth control technologies. Evaluation of the consequences of such family planning programs almost never assess their long-run consequences, such as on labor supply, savings, or investment in the human capital of children, although they occasionally estimate the short-run association with the adoption of contraception or age-specific fertility. The dearth of long-run family planning experiments has led economists to consider instrumental variables as a substitute for policy interventions which not only determine variation in fertility but are arguably independent of the reproductive preferences of parents or unobserved constraints that might influence family life cycle behaviors. Using these instrumental variables to estimate the effect of this exogenous variation in fertility on family outcomes, economists discover these Across effects@ of fertility on family welfare outcomes tend to be substantially smaller in absolute magnitude than the OLS estimates of partial correlations referred to in the literature as evidence of the beneficial social externalities associated with the policies that reduce fertility. The paper summarizes critically the empirical literature on fertility and development and proposes an agenda for research on the topic.

Compared to human medicine, little is known in canine medicine regarding specific findings on semen evaluation and their correlation with fertility. Suggestions to optimize quality of semen evaluation in veterinary practice include creating standardized protocols for evaluation of all semen parameters and updating those protocols as needed; creating some form of quality control for the clinic laboratory; educating owners about our inability to predict with 100% accuracy whether dogs with poor semen quality never could impregnate a bitch or whether dogs with excellent semen quality always could impregnate a bitch; and generating protocols for further diagnostic work-up for those dogs with abnormal semen quality.

Although high nutritional values and continuous identification of important functional substances of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill.] promote consumption of soybean products worldwide, informations on quality of brand soybean is not enough for consumers. Total of 100 brand soybeans [32 for soypaste and source, 45 black testa (lage), and 17 black testa (small) or medicinal soybean and beansprout soybean] were collected at supermarkets and several external quality factors were analyzed.