Canine Distemper is a disease caused by Canine morbillivirus (CM), a pantropic virus that can affect the central nervous system (CNS), causing demyelination. However, the pathogenesis of this lesion remains to be clarified. Brain samples of 14 naturally infected dogs by CM were analyzed to evaluate the presence of oxidative stress and demyelination. RT-PCR assay was performed to confirm a diagnosis of canine distemper in the brain, immunohistochemistry anti-CM was used to localize the viral proteins in the tissue, and anti-4-hydroxy-2 nonenal (4-HNE) was a marker of a product of lipid peroxidation. The results showed the presence of viral proteins in the demyelinated area with the presence of 4-HNE. Our results suggest that the CM virus infection causes oxidative stress leading to lipid peroxidation, which causes tissue damage and demyelination. In conclusion, oxidative stress plays a significant role in canine distemper pathogenesis in the CNS.

Immunohistochemical studies have become an indispensable element of establishing the correct histopathological diagnosis of poorly differentiated lesions, proving particularly suitable, and occasionally indispensable, for diagnosis of poorly differentiated neoplastic tumours. Knowledge of the mechanism of action and normal reaction of individual proteins is required in selection of the antibody pattern for a given tissue and in evaluation of the obtained results. This paper aims to promote the application of immunohistochemical techniques in routine diagnosis, especially in cases of poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tumours.

Spleen occupies an effective immunological role in mammals especially economic animals like water buffalo. Regardless of that, not literature points attention to immune cells homing buffalo spleen. This study sheds light on the distributional panel of T lymphocyte in water buffalo as a framework to easily diagnose any alteration in spleen composition that may refer to immunological disorders. Twenty spleens of both sexes, 3.0 ±0.5 years and 400.0 ±50.0 kgs were selected randomly from apparently healthy animals. Tissues were subjected to T cell antibodies via applying immunohistochemistry staining protocol. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of these antibodies was assessed by image J program. Area percentage of each antibody was evaluated by aid of R- program. CD3 was expressed for all T lymphocytes, while CD4, CD8, and CD45RO referred to a helper, cytotoxic, and memory T cells, respectively. Expression of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells was high in the periarterial lymphatic sheath, red pulp, and marginal zone with a significant area % difference than lymph nodule. Unlikely, CD45RO+ expression gained insignificant area %.  Most likely the obtained findings will give a reference scheme for T lymphocyte in buffalo spleen. This research presented a quantitative analysis to the distribution of distinct types of T lymphocyte in normal splenic tissue of water buffalo species.

Endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract are located mainly within the pancreatic islets and throughout the wall of the stomach and intestines. These cells regulate several body functions via release of hormones. Synaptophysin is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in almost all types of endocrine cells as well as in synaptic vesicles of neurons. Nevertheless, the distribution of synaptophysin-immunoreactive (SYP-IR) cells in abomasum and pancreas of camel has not been described. In the present study, SYP immunoreaction was assessed in different regions of abomasum and pancreas of dromedary camel using SYP immunostained sections. SYP-IR endocrine cells of both closed- and open-types were observed within cardiac, fundic, and pyloric gland regions of the abomasal mucosa. Significantly higher number of SYP-IR cells were evident within the fundic and pyloric gland regions compared to cardiac gland region. Moreover, SYP labelled nerve fibers located within abomasal lamina propria and cells and fibers of the submucosal and myenteric nerve plexuses. In pancreas, SYP intensely labeled almost all cells of pancreatic islets. SYP-IR endocrine cells were also observed within the lining epithelium of pancreatic acini and ducts. In addition, SYP intensely stained cells and fibers of intrapancreatic ganglia. A moderate SYP immunoreaction was seen within the perivascular and periductal nerve fibers as well as those fibers supplying the pancreatic acini and ducts. These findings advance our understanding of the normal distribution of the gastro-pancreatic endocrine cells in camel. Future studies are needed for further characterization of hormones produced by these cells and their clinical relevance in camel.

Melanomas are the most common oral malignancy in dogs. Cell proliferation and connexin expression has been shown to differ in canine melanotic and amelanotic oral melanomas. This study aimed to analyze the c-Kit protein expression in melanotic and amelanotic melanomas from canine buccal cavity. A total of 34 canine buccal melanomas (19 melanotic and 15 amelanotic).were collected. The amelanotic melanomas presented faster evolution and higher incidence of metastasis than melanotic tumors. A significantly higher number of c-Kit positive cells were observed in amelanotic neoplasms. In addition, the intensity of c-Kit immunolabeling was predominantly stronger in amelanotic melanomas. These results confirm a potential role for c-Kit in canine oral melanomas with clear differences in expression patterns between the two histological types of tumor, melanotic and amelanotic. This study highlights the importance of a detailed study of c-Kit mutations in canine oral melanomas to better understand the molecular mechanisms implicated in the development of this disease.

In this case, it was aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical and histopathological examinations along with surgical intervention results of a myxoid liposarcoma in a ten-year-old, female hybrid cattle. During clinical examination, an elastic mass, approximately 35x30x30 cm in size, was detected in the right fossa paralumbal region. As a treatment, total extirpation of the mass under sedation and local infiltration anesthesia was performed. The sections were prepared from the extirpated mass tissues and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for histopathological examination. In addition they were labeled with S-100 antibody for immunohistochemical examination. Histopathologically, atypical stellate spindle-shaped tumour cells were seen in the stroma of hypocellular region and inlarge lipoid cells locally and also, around the numerous vessels with thin Wall character. In addition, it was determined that these cells reacted positively with S-100 antibody immunohistochemically. After the removal of the mass surgically, no recurrence was observed during 2 year follow up and it was learned that the general condition of the cattle was good. As a result, due to the rarity of the disease, it was concluded that reporting myxoid liposarcoma cases may contribute to future studies.

Female genital tracts of six to eight years Baladi cows (n=30) were collected from Belevia abattoir of Beni-Suef province during the period from March 2016 to May 2016 to investigate ovarian abnormalities and uterine changes in cattle based on histopathology. Prevalence rates of granulosa cell tumors were 26.67% and 38.89% in right and left ovaries, respectively. Follicular cysts could be detected in both ovaries with percentages of 50.0% and 44.44%, respectively. The most predominant pathological lesions in ovarian medulla were hyalinosis of blood vessels and mononuclear cell infiltration. The main uterine pathological alterations were endometritis associated with degenerative changes and necrosis in the endometrial linings in most cases (n=25), endometriosis (n=13). Variable degrees of congestion from moderate (n=25) to highly congested (n=5) were elucidated. Perivascular cuffing (n=2) and perivascular fibrosis (n=3) of uterine blood vessels could be detected. Immunohistochemically, granulosa cell tumors were positive to vimentin and negative to inhibin.

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection is an important viral infection affecting the cattle industry today. The prevalence of this infection in South African feedlots is unknown. Ear notch biopsies were collected from chronic poor doers and animals that appeared unthrifty upon entering feedlots, as well as animals entering the hospital pen with respiratory disease for the first time. A total of 1690 samples were collected: 1074 from the former category and 616 from the latter. A routine immunohistochemistry staining protocol showed that 49 animals tested positive, of which 43 (4%) came from the feedlot entry group and six (1%) from the hospitalised group. The prevalence of persistently infected cattle from this selected, nonrandom sample entering six large South African feedlots was found to be 2.9%, which is higher than the international rule of thumb that 0.5% of all cattle entering feedlots are persistently infected. There was no clear correlation between persistent infection and respiratory disease. Serum samples were also collected when possible and 10 positive cases were found. Results from enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for antigen and antibody performed on these sera correlated well with those from the immunohistochemistry staining method in six cases, but in four cases the animals tested falsely positive owing to nonspecific staining. Immunohistochemistry staining on ear notch biopsies is thus a reliable diagnostic method to identify persistently infected animals with BVDV, but the pathologist should be aware of nonspecific positive staining.

Testin is a protein involved in cell mobility, adhesion and colony formation. In rats, testin presence has been reported in the testes, and its possible role in spermatogenesis has been suggested. Studies in humans also suggest a possible role of testin as a cancer suppressor protein. In the dog, which represents both an important pet species and a good animal model for studying biological and pathological testicular processes, the presence of testin has never been reported.

Objectives: Aqueous extracts of Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia marina leaves were inves¬tigated for their hepatoprotective potential in diabetic rats. Materials and methods: One hundred twenty male albino rats were randomly assigned to eight equal groups (n = 15). The first group (control) comprised normal healthy rats, while the second to fifth groups were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) [60 mg/ kg body weight (BW)] for induction of diabetes. Group 2 was kept as positive diabetic control, while groups 35 were orally treated with aqueous extracts of R. mucronata (400 mg/kg BW), A. marina (400 mg/kg BW) and with a combination of ½ a dose of the two plants, respectively, for six weeks. Groups 68 were non-diabetic rats that orally received aqueous extracts of R. mucronata (400 mg/kg BW), A. marina (400 mg/kg BW), and a combination of ½ a dose of the two plants, respectively, for 6 weeks. Results: STZ-induced diabetic rats showed a significant reduction in serum glucose and liver enzymes, increased serum insulin, Homeostasis Model Assessment of β-cells (HOMA-β), and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Histopathological and immuno¬histochemical examinations of the liver revealed improved pathologic criteria in the plant extract treated diabetic rats compared with the remarkable changes which had been seen in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Conclusion: This study suggests that the aqueous extract of R. mucronata or its combination with A. marina showed potent hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective effects for liver dysfunction, as well as histopathological and immunohistochemical changes in the liver of STZ-induced diabetic rats. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(1.000): 177-185]