tenormin (atenolol) orally daily for more than three years. The other This study had been done on thirty blood samples drown from thirty men between 40-60 years of age half of them suffering from hypertension and taking 100mg fifteen men were healthy and did not taking any drug and regarded as control. Those blood samples were subjected to study some hematological parameters such as hemoglobin percentage and total erythrocyticr and leukocytic counts. Also isolation of leukocytes was done from both hypertensive patient and control and study their activity by chemiluminescence method. v Result showed that prolonged treatment by tenormin of 100 mg orally daily resulted in significant decrease (P < 0.0l)in total erythrocytic and leucocytic counts as well as the same significant decrease in hemoglobin percentage as compared with controls , it also resulted in significant inhibition of activity of isolated leukocytes as measured by chemiluminescence technique which resulted from their weak reaction with the luminescence material (lucigenin)mixed with it in the measuring chemiluminescence apparatus which is an indication of reduced immunological ability of those leukocytes in addition to their decreased number.

Forty sera of patients infected with Leishmania donovani and (10) sera from apparently healthy subject were tested by single radial immunodiffusion to visualize the concentration of IgG, IgM, IgA, C3 and C4. Recent results showed that there was a highly significant increase in the level of IgG, IgM, C3 and C4 but there were no significant differences in the level of IgA between the two—studied groups.

plant /I/ac van: is a green succulent .cactus-like plant belonging to the lily family ,The.plant has a history of use in folk medicine for skin and otherdisorders. The objective of the study presented in this report was to screen the extracts of this plant for its wound- - healing properties based on its traditional use for wound healing. ethanolic extracts was prepared for topical applications. The dose used was 150 mg/kg daily for 10 days, using the excision wound model in rabbits. Carboxymethyl cellulose (1%) was used as control in . ‘ topical studies. Animals were randomized divided to treatment or control groups, . Wound areas were measured. At the day Il',skin .tissue was excised for histological studies" . Wound areas reduced significantly in all treatment groups compared to respective controls (P < .001). Histology outcomes were consistent with changes in the treatment groups. No differences were detected within the treatment groups. The study permits the conclusion that Aloe Vera has wound—hea‘ling potential

Selected specimens of Carassius carassius fish were exposed to acute lead concentrations (15 , 30 and 45 MgL ), for tow periods 48 and 96 hrs The exposure to lead occurred changes in some blood parameter in treatment fish., There was an’ increasing in the R.B.C. , Hb, M.C.H., blood glucose and blood lactic acid , These changes were more clear after 96 hrs Whereas values of PCV and MCV showed decline significantly, blood serpm also appeared disturb on ionic balance represented by decreasing in(Na+ , K+ and Ca 2 ) after( 48 and 96 ) hours in treatment fish compare with control specimens.

During surveys on the tick burdens of various wildlife species in South Africa, nine small antelopes became available for study. Six of these were steenbok, Raphicerus campestris and three sunis, Neotragus moschatus, and their tick burdens are recorded here. The steenbok were examined in three nature reserves and harboured nine tick species. The sunis were examined in a fourth reserve and were infested with eight species. The steenbok and sunis were generally infested with the immature stages of the same tick species that infest larger animals in the same geographic regions. In addition the sunis harboured Haemaphysalis parmata, which in South Africa is present only in the eastern and north-eastern coastal and adjacent areas of KwaZulu-Natal Province. They were also infested with Rhipicephalus kochi, which in South Africa occurs only in the far north-east of the KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo Provinces.

In an attempt to establish an ideal method for mass production of Calicophoron microbothrium metacercariae, a study was carried out to compare the shedding capacities of Bulinus tropicus naturally and experimentally infected with C. microbothrium. A total of 906 F1 B. tropicus between 4 and 5 weeks old were each experimentally infected with two C. microbothrium miracidia and monitored for 12 weeks. The infected snails were fed on dried lettuce and fish flakes and were kept in 1 l plastic aquaria housed in a snail room where temperature, light and humidity were controlled. Seventy-four percent of the experimentally infected snails died during the prepatent period and of the remaining, only 13.2 % developed patent infection, while 12.5 % were refractory. Snail growth rate was poor and the average shedding rate was 20 cercariae per snail per day. Compared to the experimentally infected snails, 2 200 adult B. tropicus, collected from the field and naturally infected with C. microbothrium, yielded high numbers of metacercariae. Eighty-four percent of the snails died within 7 weeks of the study with peak mortality occurring from the 2nd to the 4th week of infection and coinciding with an overall decrease in the number of cercariae shed.

Based on published records and own data a summary is given of the geographical distribution of the currently known species of pentastomid parasites infecting crocodiles and alligators, as well as freshwater chelonians. A brief generic diagnosis is provided for each genus. Fourteen out of the currently 23 living crocodilian species have been recorded as being host to one or more pentastomes. Out of the 32 pentastome species six are considered species inquirendae. Presently, six genera of crocodilian pentastomes, Agema, Alofia, Leiperia, Sebekia, Selfia and Subtriquetra are recognized. African crocodiles harbour eight pentastome species, six of which have been recorded from the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus. Three species belong to the genus Sebekia, Alofia being represented by two and Leiperia by only one species. Two species, Alofia parva and Agema silvaepalustris, occur in the dwarf crocodile, Osteolaemus tetraspis, and the slender-snouted crocodile, Crocodylus cataphractus, exclusively, but a single Sebekia species is shared with the Nile crocodile. The genus Agema is endemic to the African region. Infective stages of the pentastome Sub triquetra rileyi, thought to utilize Nile crocodiles as final hosts, have been recovered only from fishes. The largest number of pentastome species is found in the Australasian region. Of these, the Indo-Pacific croc odile, Crocodylus porosus, harbours seven, representing the genera Alofia, Sebekia, Lei peria and Selfia. Selfia is exclusive to the latter host. The genus Subtriquetra has been reported from "Indian crocodiles", a term possibly referring to either Crocodylus palustris, Crocodylus porosus or Gavialis gangeticus. Ten species of pentastomes parasitizing the crocodilian genera Alligator, Caiman, Crocodylus and Melanosuchus have been recorded from the Neotropical region including the southern states of the North American continent. The two most wide-spread pentastome genera, Alofia and Sebekia, have been recorded together with representatives of the genus Sub triquetra and immature and larval forms of Leiperia. To date the two monospecific genera, Pelonia, from two terrapin species, Pelusios sinuatus and Pelomedusa subrufa, in South Africa, and Diesingia from Hydraspis geoffroyana and Hydromedusa tectifera in South America, are the only chelonian pentastomes recovered world-wide. A possible exception is the crocodilian pentastome Sebekia mississippiensis which can reach maturity in exper imentally infected terrapins.

In the genus Paradiplozoon, few hard structures are present therefore most of the taxonomic studies have focused on the unique ultrastructure of the sclerites. Alcohol-fixed specimens were transferred to BSA-saline for 5 min. before staining indefinitely with 5 µl WGA-TRX, 5 µl SYTO 9 and 5 µl of Cal co fluor White M2R. Rhodamine, Fluorescein and DAPI bandpass filters on the microscope enabled selective light wavelength illumination of the three flourochromes by a mercury light source. This method provided an easy and rapid methodology to show the internal sclerites of attachment clamps. It is suitable for alcohol preserved specimens and may have additional applications in other helminth organisms.

The objective of this study was to determine the species spectrum of ixodid ticks infesting birds in Free State Province, South Africa. To this end a large number of birds belonging to several species were examined for ticks and a total of 180 birds belonging to 39 species at 17 localities were infested, and ticks belonging to eight species were recovered. The immature stages of only two, namely Amblyomma marmoreum and Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, were sufficiently prevalent and numerous to safely assume that they regularly use birds as hosts. Helmeted guineafowls, Numida meleagris, were the most heavily infested and one harboured a total of 319 larvae and four nymphs. Amongst the other species an eastern clapper lark, Mirafra fasciolata, was infested with 69 larvae and a nymph, but no other bird harboured more than 40 ticks. The larvae and nymphs of H. m. rufipes were most numerous on birds from April to August.