The aim of the study is investigate the relationship between puberty and plasma Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in Simmental heifers from six months to puberty. The heifers were selected through random sampling and their body weight, heart-girth circumference, hip height and body condition score were regularly recorded every month from six months of age (Group 1, n=10) until twelve months. Their blood samples were taken for AMH measurement. First data from six-month old heifers were classified in Group 1, the 7th month in Group 2, the 8th month in Group 3, the 9th month in Group 4, the 10th month in Group 5, the 11th month in Group 6 and the 12 months in Group 7. Two of the Simmental heifers in the study exhibited symptoms of estrous cycle in the 7th month, 2 in the 8th month, 1 in the 9th month, 2 in the 10th month and 3 in the 11th month. We calculated that the difference between all data except the AMH value was statistically significant in the first months before and after the onset of estrous cycle (P<0.01). In conclusion, we found that AMH decreases before puberty, and proceeds at a stable value afterwards in Simmental heifers. We also found that AMH levels are correlated with hip height, heart-girth circumference and body weight during puberty. The study suggests that the differences in body condition score and body weight are significant (P<0.05) in the month of estrous cycle onset and the following months.

This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of Dysplasia in Belgian Malinois dogs employed in security units using the British Veterinary Association (BVA)/Kennel Club (KC) scoring system. According to the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) pedigree, the study was conducted on 52 dogs registered to Kennel Club with A score hip joint structure. Standard ventrodorsal pelvis radiographs were taken by adduction with the hind limbs in full extension and femurs parallel to the spine of the dogs lying in the supine position using a stabilizer back support. Bilateral pelvic radiographs were transferred to the computer, and Norberg Angle (NA) measurements of the right and left coxofemoral joints were made on the digimizer program. Afterward, scoring was made according to the BVA/KC scoring criteria and evaluated in terms of Dysplasia according to the total score. In this study, 52 Belgian Malinois dogs were used, of which 21.1% were male, and 41% were female dogs. The average age of the dogs was measured as 1.41±0.35 years, and the average body weight was measured as 24.00±2.94 kg. Consequently, it was observed that hip joint compliance in animals was not included in the group at risk for Dysplasia, and the mean value of NA measurements was measured as 106.53 degrees for the right coxofemoral joint, as 105.74 degrees for the left coxofemoral joint, and the mean value of the total hip score was measured as 3.42.

In this study 87 fish feed samples were randomly collected from feed mills and fish farming establishments from 14 provinces in Turkey to determine the occurrence of total aflatoxin (AF) and total fumonisin contamination. The quantitative analysis of total AF and total fumonisin of the samples was carried out using commercial kits. The samples were analysed by microplate reader. Total AF residues were found in 86 (98.85%) of 87 analyzed samples. The avarage value for total AF (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2) in positive samples was found as 8.776±4.178 µg/kg ranged from 1.023-17.566 µg/kg, and these values were found to be less than the recommended level 20 ppb (Food Drug Administration). Total fumonisin (B1, B2, B3) residues were found in 49 (56.98%) of 86 samples analysed. The avarage value for total fumonisin in positive samples was found as 0.3028±0.2584 mg/kg ranged from 0.0107-0.9278 mg/kg. These values were below the tolerable limit of 10 ppm for fumonisin (B1, B2) announced by Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Turkey. It was suggested that although mycotoxin residues were detected in the collected feeds, these values remained below the tolerable values.

As a well-known protozoan zoonotic giardiasis has manifested itself with various clinical findings in mammal species including human and dogs. Absorption of some essential biochemical elements required to growth has interrupted in giardiasis being tight relationship with malnutrition. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the serum trace element levels in dogs infected with giardiasis. For this purpose, totally 16 dogs enrolled in the study and 8 of these had diarrhoea compatible with giardia (infected group) and others were grouped into healthy. Diagnosis of giardia was performed by microscopical evaluation of cysts and supported by rapid test from faecal samples. In the infected group, copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) levels had significant differences to healthy control. Giardia infected dogs had a significant increase in Cu and significantly reduces in Mg and Zn levels. It was thought that unclear mechanism of decreased Zn levels might be related to elevated Cu involving enzyme systems. And also, malabsorption and diarrhoea were proposed mechanism for altered Mg levels, which could counteract by blocking of intestinal absorption. Consequently, Cu, Mg and Zn levels were affected in giardiasis and the addable of these elements to the treatment should be revealed by further studies.

Veterinary specialist needs in Turkey have been provided by postgraduate education for decades. However, the official decision of a separate veterinary specialty program has been approved, and arrangements are ongoing. This study aimed to investigate the perception of supervisors (SPV) and postgraduate students (PGS) of teaching and assessing methods of veterinary surgery postgraduate programs in Turkey as well as to make suggestions on prospective veterinary surgery specialist training. Demographic information, roles in surgical procedures, teaching and assessment methods, satisfaction, predicted outcomes, and future directions were examined. The responses were analyzed statistically by intergroup and in-group comparisons. The number and rate of surveys completed were 72 (53%) for PGS and 46 (46%) for SPV. The most studied areas were orthopedics (PGS 30.3%; SPV 25.8%) and soft tissue surgery (PGS 26.9%; SPV 24.2%). The consistency and differences in the perceptions of SPV and PGS were examined with responses to surveys on teaching and assessment methods. The results revealed that although the teaching and assessment methods applied in veterinary surgery postgraduate programs of various institutions are generally consistent, they do differ in detail. This highlights the need for a nationwide practice whose standards are specifically determined by an authorized committee to gain knowledge and skills in the field of veterinary surgery.

The aim of this study is to identify physiological reference values for Schirmer tear test (STT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) results, in healthy sheep and goats. The study included 56 adult Sakiz sheep and 38 Saanen goats with no ocular disease. Tear volume was measured by a sterile STT strip. IOP was measured with Tono-Vet. IOP and STT readings were carried out in July, at 12.30-14.30 hrs. Measurements were write down in similar conditions in sheep and goats (at 41.8°C-30% humidity and 40.5°C and 32% humidity, respectively). No statistically significant difference was determined between the mean IOP and STT values of the left eye and the right eye in the statistical analysis of goats and sheep (P>0.05). The mean STT values were 10.6±3.03 mm/min in Saanen goats and 11.8±3.35 mm/min in Sakiz sheep. The mean IOP values were 16.5±5.46 mmHg and 17.7±4.57 mmHg for Saanen goats and Sakiz sheep, respectively. A statistically significant difference was determined in the STT (P<0.05) and IOP (P<0.01) values between goats and sheep. In the literature review for reference IOP and STT levels, there is no report for Sakız sheep. Reference values of STT and IOP in summer conditions in Saanen goats and Sakiz sheep were revealed and provide more information for experimental and clinical studies.

Animal health and production are impaired with heat stress inducing dysfunction of intestinal barrier. In this study, it was aimed to determine that the effect of heat stress on gut health via circulating zonulin concentrations. Holstein dairy cows (n=7, age of 2-5 years) were housed in Aydin municipality with higher temperatures in summer. Blood sample for serum zonulin levels were collected at 12 pm and 00 am with temperature records of 44°C and 31°C respectively. Serum zonulin levels were found to be statistically significant (p=0,012) at night in contrast to daylight analytes. With this study it was appeared that heat stress had a negatively impact on intestinal integrity among cows.

 For long and healthy life, new drugs, medical services, and care must be developed against diseases. Laboratory animals are used in pharmacology and toxicology studies. The use of laboratory animals causes serious problems such as animal welfare and cost. Cell culture, which constitutes the first step of drug development, is used to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of drugs; however, it can cause failure due to unpredictable liver toxicity and bioavailability problems. Invertebrates are used to determine the desired effect in the early stages of drug development. Silkworm, an invertebrate, is one of the best models to represent genetic, biochemical studies due to its complex metabolism, large body, the abundance of mutants. Silkworms have been used in many studies on pathogenic microorganisms in the world. In this review, the information will be given on the use of silkworms as a pharmacological and toxicological animal model.

Due to the ubiquitous nature of phenolics and their well-documented health benefits, they have great potentials for drug development. Thus, this review sought to add to existing literature regarding the anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial potentials of phenolic compounds mainly, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Hence, ensuring a good balance between reactive species; reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (ROS and RNS respectively) and anti-oxidants via the consumption of diets rich in phenolic compounds is crucial for the prevention of oxidative stress-related diseases. Aside from that, consuming phenolics reduces one’s risk of contracting microbial-borne diseases as they possess an anti-microbial potential. Consequently, phenolic compounds are potent candidates for drug development. However, further studies should be conducted to elucidate their anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial mechanisms. Also, studies should be carried to ascertain the efficacies of phenolic compounds-metal complexes in anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial.