Lighting is a complex management tool in turkey production, controlled by three parameters; daylength, intensity, and chromaticity. As light-emitting diodes (LED) increase in popularity as alternatives to traditional light sources, research regarding LED impacts on commercial-type turkey production is lacking. Therefore, turkey hens of the same strain were reared under experimental brooding and grow-out conditions with six lighting treatments. An environmentally and light controlled facility (ECF) consisted of 5,000 Kelvin (K) LED or 5,000K + far-red LED (639nm) (RED) with either 12h short or 18h long daylength to test LED spectra. In the remaining treatments, hens were exposed to sunlight in a curtain-sided facility (CSF) as two treatments 1) natural decreasing daylength from September to November (NAT) or 2) natural daylight + 5,000 K LED lighting with an 18h long blocked daylength (BLK). The intensity was 9 footcandles in the ECF and naturally fluctuating in the CSF. Hen\'s performance was evaluated at 5, 9, and 14 weeks for eye development and feather coverage. Hens brooded and grown-out under NAT light had significantly increased body weight gain compared to BLK hens for the same period. Hens reared with RED LED spectrum had significantly increased eye anterior-posterior distance than birds raised in the NAT treatment. A significant reduction in red heat signature on the breast tissue in the NAT treatment compared to all other 18h treatments indicated improved feather coverage. However, these same results were not observed during serum thyroid hormone analysis. While turkey hens reared under different lighting programs had similar ending performance, lighting parameters significantly affected bird performance during the growing period, bird\'s eye development, and body feather coverage. Therefore, potential effects on growth patterns and physiology should be considered when choosing a LED lighting program for turkeys.

Histomoniasis is a parasitic disease of poultry with worldwide prevalence, having significant negative impacts on infected turkey health and welfare. A total of 53,000 male fattening turkeys (British United Turkeys, BUT6) of 140-day-old were admitted to the slaughterhouse in central Ukraine. No clinical signs were reported in the turkeys during the production cycle. Slaughtering of the turkeys revealed enlargement of the livers, most of which had a greenish color with alterations in the hepatic tissues (fibrosis). No other gross lesions were noted in other organs of the slaughtered birds. Fresh liver tissues were submitted to the laboratory to measure the concentrations of lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc to detect possible intoxication and/or differential diagnosis. The concentrations of the measured heavy metals in the affected liver tissues were within the recommended normal ranges. Histological examination revealed microscopically proliferative changes in liver sections in different turkeys. Suspected tissue sections were stained with Periodic Acid Schiff and found positive for Histomonas meleagridis trophozoites. Overall, macroscopical or microscopical examinations of turkey livers are essential to confirm infection with histomonads, even if the clinical signs are unapparent. As outbreaks of histomoniasis in turkey flocks are increasing approaches to prevent and treat histomoniasis are urgently needed.

Poultry meat is an important source of animal protein in Bangladesh. Small-scale poultry production plays a crucial role in the socio-economic development and nutritional requirements of rural and peri-urban households and provides an income source for resource-poor areas. Therefore, focusing on small-scale poultry production remains important. However, improper management, disease outbreak, market volatility and many other factors are typically responsible for the sustainability of this rising prospect of small-scale poultry production potential. The recent pandemic coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) tremendously influenced the sustainability of the small-scale poultry sector. This review addressed Bangladeshi small-scale poultry production and its market value, identified issues, and suggested potential guidelines to sustain the small-scale sector

Milk quantity, fat, and protein contents are important traits in dairy animals, particu-larly in dairy goats. However, little is known about the genetics and genomics in dairy goats that influence these traits. The diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT) genes are considered the most important genes in dairy goats for milk quantity and fat con-tents. The DGAT genes have two isoforms as DGAT1 and DGAT2, that have similar re-actions but no sequence homology in-between. The DGAT1 gene in chromosome 14 is a functional and potential candidate gene for fat content in goats, while DGAT2 is associated with milk yield and fat percentage in goats. The phylogenetic analyses re-vealed similar topologies and evolutionary partitioning of DGAT family proteins into two major clades: DGAT1 and DGAT2. Moreover, DGAT1 proteins were found to play a significant role in the milk yield in dairy goats. In this review, the role of polymor-phisms in DGAT family genes on milk production in dairy goats is discussed

An adult herring gull (Larus argentatus) found lethargic and moribund showed an open fracture of the right radius and ulna with necrosis of the surrounding tissue. Hematologic testing and plasma biochemical analysis revealed elevated creatinine kinase consistent with traumatic muscle damage in addition to hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, and hyperphosphatemia consistent with renal insufficiency. An increase in the acute phase protein Serum Amyloid A indicates a high degree of inflammation supported by leucocytosis, heterophilia, and hypoglycemia pointing towards septicemia. This case provides knowledge about Serum Amyloid A in gulls and how bone fracture and secondary infection may affect gull blood hematology and biochemistry.

The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Iran represent an important source of meat and milk products with high biological value. Given the importance of water buffalo in Iran and the prevalence of brucellosis as one of the most important zoonotic diseases in this ruminant species, this study summarized available data on history, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of brucellosis in water buffalo from previous studies that have been carried out in Iran. According to the documented data, there are three main groups of Iranian buffalo, including the Khuzestan ecotype (Khuzestan province); the Azary ecotype (Western/ Eastern Azarbaijan and Ardabil provinces); and the North ecotype (Gylan and Mazandaran provinces). Preliminary studies conducted on Iranian buffaloes either by serological or molecular tools reported that buffaloes\' infection occurred due to natural exposure to a wild strain of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis. Previous studies dealing with brucellosis in Iranian buffalo are next to none. This review notifies the importance of reliable and detailed epidemiological investigations of Iranian buffaloes through continuous monitoring systems of the health status of buffalo populations. Continuous test and slaughter strategy, vaccination, and re-planning of veterinary activities are required to mitigate buffalo\'s role in disseminating and maintaining brucellosis in Iran

Aim of the present study was to determine the effect of the lactation number on milk production and to detect the most economical lactation period in Holstein dairy cows. Materials and The animal materials of the study were 392 Holstein dairy cows with a similar dry period and lactation length. The cows were divided into 6 groups according to the number of lactations. The groups were formed as 1st lactation (Group 1; n=67), 2nd lactation (Group 2; n=124), 3rd lactation (Group 3; n=51), 4th lactation (Group 4; n=62), 5th lactation (Group 5; n=41) and 6th lactation (Group 6; n=47).Average lactation milk yields for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th lactations of the cows used in the study were 7860.03 kg, 9010.02 kg, 10207.15 kg, 10165.89 kg, 8430.57 kg and 8069.78 kg, respectively. It was determined that the highest milk production and highest daily income were obtained during the 3rd and 4th lactation periods (p<0.05).In conclusion, milk production increased in the first three lactations, 3 and 4 lactation remained stable and decreased in 5th and 6th lactations. But, regardless of the number of lactations during the first 6 lactation periods, it is considered economical to use healthy cows for milk production in dairy farms.

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the oxidative damage caused by lipid peroxidation due to renal coccidiosis by histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. Material-The material of this study was made up of tissue samples taken from 139 geese whose average age was 10 weeks, who were brought to our department dead between 2013-2020. Tissue samples taken were fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde solution. 5 µm-thick sections were taken from the paraffin blocks prepared after routine tissue follow-up procedures. Hematoxylin & Eosin staining was applied to the sections in order to detect histopathological changes. Sections were examined and photographed under a light microscope.Various clinical signs such as fever, respiratory distress, weakness, anorexia, tremors, inability to get up from the ground, balance disorders, rotational movement, diarrhea, wheezing were detected in geese. In systemic necropsies of geese, large and small white nodular structures were detected in the kidney. In histopathological examinations, coccidiosis agents (E. truncata) were found in the tubular epithelium of the kidney. Necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration were observed in the tubules due to the presence of E. truncata. In addition, edema and hyperemia in the lungs, multifocal necrosis in the liver, cell infiltration in the portal spaces and enteritis were other important histopathological findings. In one case, aspergillosis was detected together with renal coccidiosis. We observed that MDA expression was more severe in oocyst stages, which is the mature form of the parasite, compared to other parasitic life stages.Based on the results obtained from this study, it was revealed that renal coccidiosis in geese caused lipid peroxidation / oxidative damage through the increase in MDA expression.

In this study, the effects of three different ozonated oils (Sesame, Nigella sativa and Hypericum perforatum) on wound closure rate, healing process and possible complications were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Twenty-one adult Wistar albino female rats were used in the study. Subjects were divided into three groups, early wound healing, (7 days), medium wound healing, (14 days) and late wound healing (21 days). Four full-thickness skin wounds of equal size (10 mm in diameter) were formed on the back regions of all rats. This region was chosen for preventing self-inflicted injuries and reducing external irritation. The wound was left open during the healing process. While the first wound (control) received no treatment in the second wound, ozonated Sesame oil, in the third wound ozonated Nigella sativa oil and in the fourth wound ozonated Hypericum perforatum oil were used. No group obtained parenteral drug administration. First, second and third main groups were euthanized on days 7, 14 and 21, respectively. The wound healing was assessed macroscopically daily. Wound sizes of individual rats were measured with a caliper and digitally photographed every day from the day of injury. After euthanasia, all wound sites of the subjects were evaluated histopathologically.There were no significant differences in wound healing between treatments in the first day 7. On they 14, it was found that the healing was better in the group applied Nigella sativa and Sesame oils (p≤0.05). On day 21 wound healing was completed in all subjects with a resultant of better outcome in Nigella sativa oil treatment compared with others (p≤0.01).In this study the best wound healing outcome was achieved with Nigella sativa oil and Sesame oil where three different minced oils were used.

The researcher’s attention nephrotoxicity from antibiotics (as aminoglycosides), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antifungals, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Several drugs have resulted in produce an adverse effect on kidneys. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which leads to the conversion of Angiotensin-I to Angiotensin-II in vascular tissues. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect on serum angiotensin converting enzyme of the amikacin. In this study, two different groups were formed as control (10 rats / Wistar-albino female) and experimental group (30 rats / Wistar-albino female). The experimental group was administered 15 mg/kg amikacin intraperitoneally (ip) for 14 days, and the control group was administered saline solution at the same rate.When the groups are compared according to the statistical results, it is seen that there is a significant increase in ACE activity of the experimental group compared to the control group (p˂0.001).As a result, it was determined that amikacin administered increased serum ACE activity and it was concluded that it may be useful to investigate the possibilities to evaluate it as a risk factor and indicator in the development of hypertension.