The rise of bacteria resistant to antibiotics, such Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species, in milk poses a severe threat to public health since milk is widely regarded as a complete food and is a staple of the daily diet of people, especially those in Egypt. Beta lactamase with an extended spectrum (ESBL). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of K. pneumoniae and E. coli that produce ESBLs in dairy cattle and milk farms. In this investigation, a total of 150 milk samples were cultured on VBGR, MacConkey, and Hichrome to isolate these bacteria, and antibiotic resistance was evaluated by using the double disc diffusion technique. Subsequently, biochemical and serotyping testing were used to confirm and identify the suspicious microorganisms. Using a PCR test that targets blaCTX-M, ESBL producers were identified. Of the samples tested, 34 (22.7%) tested positive for K. pneumoniae in milk, and 21 (14%), positive for E. coli. Different ETEC serotypes (O128:H2 and O127: H6) and EHEC serotypes (O91: H21 and O26: H11) were found contaminated in milk. Additionally, 21 samples (67.7%) had K. pneumoniae serotype B1 as the prevalent serotype. Most isolates had the β-lactamase blaCTX-M gene, which has become more significant among bacteria that produce ESBL globally. blaCTX-M gene was detected in 65% of E. coli and 80% of K. pneumoniae. Thus, given the trend of farmer-to-consumer direct marketing, raw milk is a possible source of exposure for the consumer—something that is becoming increasingly important. Lastly, calves may potentially acquire ESBL-producing bacteria via waste milk, which would increase the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the agricultural setting.

Multidrug resistance poses a danger to public health and steadily raises mortality, despite the discovery and development of a wide range of antimicrobial drugs. Developing practical solutions to address these problems has been the focus of many recent studies. In this work, we elucidate the way certain antibiotics, when coupled with other antimicrobial agents like plant extracts, can produce synergistic effects provided that each therapy targets a separate target or signaling pathway and functions via a different mechanism. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were used to identify bioactive metabolite extracts and purify plant extracts with active antibacterial qualities. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the broth microdilution method. Different 100 samples of meat (fresh, frozen Brazilian, Sudanese, and minced meat) and meat products such as pastrami, burgers, kofta, luncheon, and sausage were randomly collected from six (6) different locations in Al-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The associated pathogenic bacteria recovered from the isolated raw meat samples identified by microbiological, biochemical, and molecular methods is Bacillus. Clove extract was found to be the most effective and exhibited bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against highly resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria. The plant extracts used in the study have great efficacy in reducing bacterial contamination and can be used as a safe alternative to antibiotics to avoid and control foodborne diseases.

Cancerous tumors are one of the main problems that cause of deaths in pet animals. The objective of this paper is to describe histopathological features of some neoplastic masses with confirmation using immunohistochemistry in pet animals.  Our study was done from May 2022 to August 2023 in Sharkia governorate, Egypt to correctly recognize 7 cases of pet animal neoplasms "5 cases of dogs and 2 queen case" based on histopathological and immunohistochemical findings.  The results revealed 2 cases of TVT in Penis with positive expressions for Iba2 and vimentin  , 1 Case of Sebaceous adenoma in Hock joint of male dog skin, 1 case of hepatoid carcinoma in perianal glands of male dog with positive immunolabelling for CK7  , 1 case of chondroblastic osteosarcoma  in A 4-year old, male, Great Dane dog  and 2 cases of queen with mammary gland adenocarcinoma with positive immunoreactivity for HER-2 and other mixed mammary neoplasm accompanied with sarcoma has positive staining for vimentin. It could be concluded that  the histopathological evaluations by H&E stain is the backbone method for neoplasms diagnosis and  using some  biomarkers added a confirmatory tools for these diagnosis.

Aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus species are extensively dispersed throughout the environment and have seriously affected human and animal food supplies, posing health dangers and even resulting in death, as a consequence. Our study's goal was to investigate infections of Aspergillus flavus and the amount of aflatoxins (AF) in chicken livers where they are metabolized specially AFB1. Sixty-five chicken liver samples were bought from frozen meat shops, supermarkets, and special slaughterhouses in Qena, Egypt. The samples were evaluated traditionally, molecularly, and HPLC analysis was performed to quantify the amount of AFs. In addition, A. flavus' susceptibility to amphotericin B and voriconazole was also determined. The findings revealed the presence of different fungal species, in particular, Aspergillus species (21.5%). A total percentage of 85.7 of A. flavus isolates were classified as low aflatoxin producers, according to HPLC analyses. Furthermore, aflatoxins contaminated 70% of the liver samples from which AFB1 was detected at 60%. Although this measurement was lower than the European limits, Egyptian standards found it unacceptable. Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed that 71.4 and 42.8% of A. flavus isolates were resistant to amphotericin B and voriconazole, respectively. These results show the extent of the role of chicken livers in the transmission of aflatoxicosis to humans. Hinting that these samples are dangerous to consumers. Consequently, there is a need to adopt aflatoxin residue monitoring and controls in all poultry meat; this cost-effective and efficient technology looks to be beneficial for better food safety. Or at least, liver from poultry that has been exposed to aflatoxins should not be consumed by humans until be cleared before slaughtering.

Beef, mutton, lamb, and camel are all high-quality protein sources in Egypt and around the world. Red meat with a protein content of about 20%, a high moisture content (75%), fat (5.2%), carbohydrate (1.5%), vitamins such as vitamin B complex, and minerals such as iron, zinc, calcium, and phosphorus are important in human nutrition because they can meet a portion of man's daily needs for these nutrients. Low temperature storage of meat either at chilling or freezing conditions is very popular worldwide for the purposes of meat security, meat transportation, and overseas trade. However, the microbial quality of the meat at low temperature storage represents a challenging task for both the food safety and public health sectors.  This review threw the light on the microbial status of chilled and frozen meat with a particular focus on the contamination of meat with Pseudomonas spp.

African horse sickness (AHS) is a non-contagious arthropod-borne infectious disease of Equidae. Because of its severity and quick spread, It is cosidered as a notifiable disease. The current study intended to look into the current suitation of the vector-borne African horse sickness virus (AHSV) in Egypt, determine viral seroprevelance, and assess the associated risk factors. In this context, 2739 sera and 150 spleen samples were collected from different Egyptian governorates and tested for AHSV screening. The sera were investigated for presence of antibodies against AHSV whilst spleen samples were tested for AHSV Ag and RNA detection. The obtained results revealed that all 2739 sera samples tested negative for AHSV antibodies. Furthermore, using ELISA and conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), to identify AHSV Ag and nucleic acid, the 150 tested spleen samples gave negative results with both assays. In conclusion, the recorded results indicated the absence of antibodies, antigen, and viral nucleic acid of AHSV in all tested samples which proved that there is no circulating virus in the investigated Egyptian governorates in the period from 2017 to 2022. Evenually, the effective control programs are recommended by carrying out further epidemiological investigations to understand the current situation of arboviruses in the country.

Climate change has caused extensive changes to marine ecosystems in recent decades; this might lead to an increase in marine disease. Parasite infestation in silver grunt and black finned sea bream is still few. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and intensity of intestinal helminthes of 60 sample of Silver grunt and 60 samples of black finned sea bream species collected from Kuwait fish markets. The result revealed that the total infection rate in each species was 58.3% and 33.3% respectively.  The endoparasite worms found in the intestine of Silver grunt were Procamallanus sinespinis which recorded the highest infestation rate 26.6% with intensity 2, followed by Aephnidiogenes senegalensis (25%) followed by Prosorhynchus indicus (18.3%) with intensity 4 for each, Anisakis physeteris and Aniskais simplex with infestation rate 11.6, 8.3%, respectively and intensity of 2 and 4, respectively. In addition, the endoparasite worms found in the intestine of black finned sea bream was Hysterothylacium fabri (8.3%). Histopathological examination of infested intestine showed necrosis, degenerative changes, and congestion of intestinal blood vessels.

Chicken coccidiosis is an inflammatory disease caused by the apicomplexan protozoal parasite Eimeria. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines activate hepatocyte receptors in the liver, altering the production and release of numerous proteins known as acute phase proteins (APPs), which eradicate pathogenic germs, repair tissue damage, and promote health. These proteins have a significant impact on defense systems. The current investigation evaluated the levels of several acute phase proteins (haptoglobin (PIT54), ceruloplasmin, and fibrinogen) in the blood, their gene expression in the liver as well as the immunohistochemistry changes in the caecum and bursa of Fabricius of chickens infected with E. tenella before and after treatment with two different anticoccidial drugs (diclazuril and toltrazuril). The obtained results revealed that E. tenella infection in chickens produced considerable activation of numerous APPs, including haptoglobin, fibrinogen, and ceruloplasmin. Furthermore, the challenged birds’ caecum showed a high sensitivity to CD4, CD8, and SIgA. Anticoccidial medicines such as diclazuril or toltrazuril could considerably lower such APPs indicators and immunohistochemical alterations. In conclusion, haptoglobin, fibrinogen, and ceruloplasmin are considered as biomarkers for the APPs measurement in birds challenged with Eimeria. Moreover, diclazuril and toltrazuril are regarded as ideal anticoccidial medications to be used during chicken farming.

Diarrhea is one of the most significant illnesses affecting young foals and may be manifested in more than half of foals up to 3 months of age. Numerous infectious causes have been involved but bacterial pathogens are concerned. This study aimed to assess and identify the prime Gram-negative bacteriological etiology of Arabian horse foals’ diarrhea in Egypt and to designate the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolated microorganisms.  Rectal swabs and internal organs were obtained from 216 foals (89 diarrheic and 127 apparently healthy), aged 1 week to 1 year old, reared in Arabian horse farms in Great Cairo, Egypt during a period extended from March 2022 to December 2022. Conventional bacteriological examination was performed using selective media persuaded by routine and advanced biochemical tests. The isolation displayed 648 bacterial isolates; 452 (68.6%) were Gram-negative with the mixed isolation representing about 28%. Escherichia coli constituted the most prevalent; 110 / 452 (24.34%); 65 in apparently healthy foals and 45 among diarrheic ones. The second was Klebsiella pneumoniae (72, 15.92%) at which 50, (15.67%) were found to expose the highest causative agent recovered from diarrheic foals. Imipenem, quinolones, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were the most effective versus Gram-negative species isolated from diarrheic foals while ampicillin and tetracycline were of no effect. The phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility test revealed a picture of multidrug resistance (MDR) as 111 isolates (28.71%) showed resistance to three or more antibiotics belonging to different groups. The results demonstrated that Klebsiella pneumonia was the highest MDR species (54.16%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli isolates by 43.9, 32.1 and 30.9 % respectively. In conclusion, Gram-negative bacteria constituted the major causative agents of diarrhea in the Arabian foals. The most effective antibacterial drugs were imipenem, quinolones, and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole. The issue of the existence of multidrug resistance isolates should be considered for proper therapy of foal diarrhea.

Despite rising demand for chicken, laws and public uproar forced the industry to find alternatives to maintain flock health by outlawing antibiotic growth boosters. Incorporating a program that naturally improves or modifies the bird's immune response is one strategy. A tailored dietary supplement and/or feed additive can be used to modify immune function and achieve immunomodulation of the immune system. The best alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) may be the use of probiotics and organic acids. Probiotics provide advantages such as altering the host's metabolism, stimulating the immune system, excluding pathogens, enhancing nutrient absorption, and ultimately lowering the danger to human health. Nucleotide supplementation in the feed may enhance gut shape, digestive enzyme activity, and growth performance in broilers. In the current review, we would like to through the light on the use of c as ecofriendly animal feed additives.