Passionflower is a member of Passifloraceae family, it can be used as medicinal and ornamental plants in addition to its consumption as fruit in the world. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruits, which has a rich nutrient content, are consumed both fresh and processed. Passionfruit and guava plants, which can only be cultivated in temperate southern coasts in our country, have gained commercial importance because of the fruits' export potential, high medical importance and nutrient. This study was carried out to determine the effects of some bioactivator applications on the criteria of sapling growth and development of passionflower and guava plants. The experiment was conducted between 2018-2019 under greenhouse conditions. Saplings obtained from seed germination in Akdeniz University Faculty of Agriculture Research and Experiment Area were used as plant material. 3 different commercial preparations called Messenger, Crop-set and ISR-2000 were used as bioactivators. Plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm) and number of leaves (number / plant) were measured weekly, in order to determine the effect of the applications on the growth and development of saplings. At the end of the study, it was determined that the highest average plant height (10.17 cm), stem diameter (13.53 mm) were obtained in ISR-2000 application. The highest average plant height (11.93 cm), stem diameter (16.44 mm) and number of leaves (9.07 units / plant) were obtained from Messenger application in guava plant. When the results obtained are evaluated, it is recommended that ISR-2000 bioactivator can be applied in passionflower sapling cultivation and Messenger bioactivator can be applied for guava sapling cultivation.

Fire blight disease caused by Erwinia amylovora can infect almost 140 plants of the Rosaceae family and poses a great threat to pome fruits growing all over the world. It needs amylovoran and Type III secretion systems (T3SS) to cause disease in host plants. AmsB, AmsD, AmsE, AmsF, AmsG, AmsJ, AmsI and AmsK proteins are involved in the binding of different galactose, glucuronic acid and pyruvyl subunits to the lipid carrier to form an amylovoran unit. T3SS proteins secreted by E. amylovora are HrpA HrpN, HrpW, AvrRpt2EA, HopC1 and DspA/E. DspA/E, the sole effector of E. amylovora, is secreted by during the formation of pilus T3SS. The chaperone protein of E. amylovora is DsB/F, which is in the IA class. EopB (outer membrane protein) has been characterized as one of the secretory proteins of E. amylovora. In addition to the harpins, the pathogenicity protein DspE and OrfB proteins are secreted via the Hrp-secretory system of E. amylovora. E. amylovora forms a Hrp pilus, which is produced by the structural protein HrpA. Genes encoding antimicrobial proteins cloned and expressed in apples and pears for impart resistance to the pathogen, attacin E are cecropins and lysozymes. The expression of PR2, PR5 and PR8 proteins is increased with E. amylovora infection in apple. Again, the HIPM protein in apples interacts with the E. amylovora HrpN protein, and the HIPM protein is found in higher amounts in flowers than leaves and shoots. In addition, four apple proteins (DIPMs) that interact with E. amylovora effector protein DspA/E have an effective role in endurance. In order to understand the interaction between the plant and the pathogen, it will be possible to understand the proteins that recognize the pathogen in the host, as well as the signal system and plant defense mechanism resulting from the infection. In this study, the roles of proteins associated with pathogenesis as a result of infection of E. amylovora in apples were tried to be revealed.

Erzincan Tulum cheese with its characteristic taste and aroma is one of the most preferred traditional cheese varieties are those from Turkey. Physical, chemical and microbiological changes that occur during ripening give the cheese characteristics. The characteristics of the Erzincan Tulum cheese are closely related to the geography in where it is produced and the human factors affecting each stage of the production method. However, the lack of a standard in production has prevented Erzincan Tulum cheese from achieving the economic value it deserves and could not provide sufficient contribution to the socio-economic development of the region. The most important reasons for this are the inadequacy of legislation and supervision, the lack of awareness of the Geographical Indication (GI) registration in the producer, and the fact that the institutions and organizations that register have not used GIs effectively, besides the technological reasons such as variety, quantity and microbiological quality of rennet used in cheese production, variability in milk quality, ripening conditions and durations vary, and the absence of a standard packaging material. In this review, the findings obtained from the researches related to technology, legislation, marketing and registration of Erzincan Tulum cheese which has a significant potential in terms of contribution to the economy of the region and country in which it is produced, are evaluated.

Günümüz dünyasında küresel ısınmanın etkileri görülmeye başlamıştır. Küresel ısınma dünyayı olduğu gibi Türkiye’yi de etkilemektedir. Türkiye’de bölgesel olarak çok çeşitli olarak görülen iklimsel elemanlar illere göre de farklılıklar içermektedir. Bu çalışmada bu tür iklimsel değişiklerin illere göre değerlendirilmesini teminen Ankara, Rize, Aydın, Hakkâri illeri için yağışlarla ilgili olarak 10, 15 ve 20 ve 48 yıllık geleceğe yönelik projeksiyonlar yapılmıştır. İller değişik bölgelerden seçilerek bölgesel farklılıkların da durum değerlendirilmesine konu olması hedeflenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre ise 1971 ile 2018 yılları arası Ankara ilinde yıllık ortalama yağış 408,59 mm olurken, Rize’de 2262,76 mm, Aydın 634,33 mm ve Hakkâri ili yıllık yağış ortalaması ise 746,93 mm olarak gerçekleşmiştir. 2019-2066 yılları arası için yapılan projeksiyonlarda gerçekleşen verilerle karşılaştırıldığında küresel ısınmaya paralel olarak ortalama yıllık yağışlarda hemen hemen her ilde değişikliklerin olduğu görülmektedir. Ancak bu değişiklikler yağış miktarlarında aşırı değişiklikler anlamına gelmemektedir. Bu manada küresel ısınmanın etkisi yağış miktarlarındaki aşırı artışlar olarak değil, yağışların düzensiz ve baskın şeklinde olması şeklinde görülmektedir. Küresel ısınmanın yol açtığı bu düzensiz ve baskın yağışlar neticesinde tarımsal faaliyetler zarar göreceğinden dolayı gıda güvenliğinin sağlanmasının gerekliliği açısından tedbir alınması konusuna ışık tutması yönüyle bu çalışma önem arz etmektedir.

Cooking takes the largest percentage of energy consumption and most households still depend on wood fuel energy, which contributes significantly to global warming. However, a major consideration for market infiltration of a green energy product is the willingness of consumers to pay for it. The study examined the determinants of willingness to pay for biofuel among small-scale food sellers in Ibadan metropolis. Primary data were collected from one hundred and fifty-five small-scale food sellers in Ibadan metropolis using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and probit regression. The majority of the food sellers were female (91.0%) with less than five household members (65.8%) and had tertiary education (40.0%). Most of them were not aware of biofuel (82.6%) but were willing to substitute firewood for biofuel (78.1%). The probability of willingness to pay for biofuel was increased by household size, being a female but reduced by bid at the unit price of ₦500 per litre. However, it was reduced by household size and education at ₦600 per litre. Based on the findings of this study, the entrepreneurs should take advantage of the emerging biofuel market by creating awareness of green energy and its benefits among the citizenry while government should support its production so that it can be sold at affordable price.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of added to mixture essential oil consist of mint oil, juniper oil, rosemary oil and oregano vulgare oil added in drinking water at on intestinal health in quail breeders. A total of 160 Japanese quail breeders (control group each subgroup 6 females 6 males, experimental groups each subgroup 5 females 5 males) 17 weeks of age were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups and each group was divided into 5 replicates. The experimental period lasted 56 days. Maize and soybean meal-based diets were offered ad libitium to the birds from during the experimental period. Treatments were as follows: C, (Control; without supplementation to the drinking water); E1 (0,1ml/L essential oil mixture supplementation to the drinking water) and E2 (0,3ml/L essential oil mixture supplementation to the drinking water. Acetic acid, butyric acid, isocaproic acid and SCFA values were linearly affected by the increasing level of essential oil mixture (mint oil, juniper oil, rosemary oil and oregano vulgare oil). There were no significant differences in propionic acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, caproic acid and BCFA concentrations. In conclusion, essential oil mixture consists of mint oil, juniper oil, rosemary oil and oregano vulgare oil can be used to improve intestinal health in quail breeders drinking water.

This study was performed to evaluate effects of red cabbage extract as a preservative against lipid oxidation for quality and shelf life of minced Tilapia (Nile perch) during refrigerated storage at 4  1°C. Untreated and treated samples were examined from day 0 to 10 during refrigerated storage using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay, peroxide value (PV), pH and color analysis. Samples treated with red cabbage extract showed less degradation due to lipid oxidation compared to untreated samples. Lipid peroxide values on treated samples showed benefits through day-6. This work shows that red cabbage antioxidant extracts represent an inexpensive and natural method for reducing oxidative spoilage of fresh fish.

In this study, bioinformatics analysis of fugu (Fugu rubripes) catalase (cat) gene was performed. Molecular biology science is developing rapidly in parallel with the increasing importance of bioinformatics, thanks to the developed techniques in recent years. In this bioinformatics-based study wich enables the effective identification and characterization of genes in living organisms using online genome databases and statistics and storage, organization and sharing of the ever-increasing genetic data we designed the conserved gene synteny and gene structure and detected the identiy-similarity ratios between fugu and the other telosts and tetrapods. NCBI-GeneBank, EMBL, ENSEML and UNIPROT databases have been used for all these bioinformatics studies. Bioedit and Mega programs were used to perform the analysis and evaluate the data obtained from all these databases. In silico analysis such as the identification and characterization of fugu cat gene, exons-introns organization, phylogenetic tree and gene synteny were completed in this study and presented with tables and figures.

Edible grapevine leaves can be consumed as fresh or pickled. After leaves are usually collected from vineyards, they are sold as fresh or brined. In Turkey, the leaves of Sultani Çekirdeksiz and Narince varieties are extremely evaluated for edible purposes. In this study, it was aimed to determine leaf yield and characteristics of vine saplings in nursery parcel. The leaves of Narince (Narince own-roted grafted on 1103 P) and Sultani Çekirdeksiz (grafted on 1103 P) seedlings were the material of the experiment. Cuttings were planted in a single row (16.666 cuttings/da) with 1 m × 6 cm spacing to the nursery parcel. Edible leaves were collected from saplings in two harvest periods. Leaf yield, leaf width, leaf length, leaf area and leaf weight in fresh vine leaves were determined. Depending on the sapling type (own-rooted or grafted), 102.5-186.0 kg/da edible leaves were collected from two harvests. In general, saplings leaves were found to be smaller in size and delicate than matura vine. It is recommended that the leaves of saplings should be evaluated by vine sapling companies having permanent workers.

Araştırma, Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Çiftliğinde bulunan Rio Red altıntop ağaçları kullanılarak 2011 ve 2012 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, deneme bahçesindeki mevcut sulama proğramının değerlendirilmesi ile ağaçlara farklı düzeylerde uygulanan sulama suyu miktarının, verim ile meyve kalite özellikleri (pomoloji) üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Denemede damla sulama sistemi ile 3 farklı miktarda sulama suyu uygulanmıştır (I100); (I70); (I50). Her iki yıl dikkate alındığında sulama suyu miktarları, 332,48 mm (I100) ile 128,69 mm (I50) arasında değişmiştir. Gerçek bitki su tüketimleri ise su bütçesi yöntemine göre 935,6 mm (I100) ile 729,9 mm (I50) arasında gerçekleşmiştir. Denemenin birinci yılında, sulama konularına ilişkin verimler, ağaç başına, 306 (I70) ile 330 (I50) kg, ikinci yıl ise ağaç başına ortalama verim değerlerinin sulama konularına göre, 59,6 kg (I100) ile 108,5 kg (I50) arasında değişmiştir. Toplam su kullanma randımanları, 2011 yılında, WUEET 5,18 kg m-3ile 6,34 kg m-3, 2012 yılında ise; 0,52 kg m-3ile 1,74 kg m-3arasında elde edilmiştir. Sulama suyu kullanma randımanları, 2011 yılında, WUEI 15,85 kg m-3ile 30,69 kg m-3, 2012 yılında ise; 2,17 kg m-3ile 14,27 kg m-3değerleriarasında değişmiştir. Denemenin birinci yılında ortalama suda çözünen kuru madde miktarları, %10,22 (I100) ile %12,91 (I50) arasında; ikinci yılında ise %12,41 (I100) ile %13,47 (I50) arasında değişmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında sulama konularının meyve verimine etkilerinin istatistiksel olarak önemli olmamasından dolayı çifçilere su tasarrufu sağlamak amacıyla yöre için su kısıntısı önerilebilir.