RESUMO: Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa avaliar o efeito de diferentes herbicidas aplicados como dessecantes em pré-colheita sobre a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de feijão azuki (Vigna angularis Willd.) e armazenadas. Foi adotado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Testaram-se nas parcelas cinco princípios ativos de herbicidas: paraquat (400 g i.a ha-1), glufosinato de amônio (400 g i.a ha-1), glyphosate (720 g e.a ha-1), flumioxazin (30 g i.a ha-1) e uma testemunha sem aplicação de herbicida; e nas subparcelas as duas épocas de armazenamento das sementes (colheita e 6 meses após a colheita). A aplicação dos dessecantes ocorreu na maturidade fisiológica do feijoeiro. Foi avaliado a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes através de teste de vigor e sanidade de sementes. O uso do herbicida glyphosate promoveu maior incidência de plântulas anormais e redução do tamanho e massa das plântulas. Os herbicidas paraquat e flumioxazin mantiveram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes e promoveram menor infestação de patógenos aos seis meses após a colheita. O armazenamento afetou a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijão azuki. | ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of using different herbicides as desiccants in pre-harvest and the effects of storage on the physiological and sanitary quality of azuki bean seeds (Vigna angularis Willd). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design in a split plot scheme, with four replications. Four herbicides were tested: paraquat (400 g a.i. ha-1), glufosinate ammonium (400 g a.i. ha-1), glyphosate (720 g a.i. ha-1), flumioxazin (30 g a.i. ha-1) and a control without herbicide application. In the subplots seed quality was tested in two evaluation periods: at harvest and six months after harvest. Desiccant was applied when the azuki beans were physiologically mature. We assessed the physiological and sanitary quality of the seeds using a vigour and seed health test. The use of glyphosate resulted in a higher incidence of abnormal seedlings and reduced size and weight of the seedlings. With paraquat and flumioxazin the physiological quality was maintained and there was reduced pathogen infestation in the seeds six months after harvest. Storage affected the physiological quality of the azuki bean seeds.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of using different herbicides as desiccants in pre - harvest and the effects of storage on the physiological and sanitary quality of azuki bean seeds ( Vigna angularis Willd). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design in a split plot scheme, with four replications. Four herbicides were tested: paraquat (400 g a.i. ha - 1 ), glufosinate ammonium (400 g a.i. ha - 1 ), glyphosate (720 g a.i. ha - 1 ), flumioxazin (30 g a.i. ha - 1 ) and a control without herbicide application. In the subplots seed quality was tested in two evaluation periods: at harvest and six months after harvest. Desiccant was applied when the azuki beans were physiologically mature. We assessed the physiological and sanitary quality of the seeds using a vigour and seed health test. The use of glyphosate resulted in a higher incidence of abnormal seedlings and reduced size and weight of the seedlings. With paraquat and flumioxazin the physiological quality was maintained and there was reduced pathogen infestation in the seeds six months after harvest. Storage affected the physiological quality of the azuki bean seeds.

ABSTRACT: Evaluation of root morphology and kinetic parameters assist in the characterization of genotypes in nutrient uptake efficiency. This study characterized Australian cedar clones concerning their nutrient uptake capacity at the seedling stage through root morphology and the kinetics of P, K, Ca, and Mg uptake. The experiment was conducted using a nutrient solution in a greenhouse and growth chamber. Four Australian cedar clones (HE, XF, XD, and XE), provided by Bela Forest View (Empresa Florestal Bela Vista), were tested using a completely randomized design with five repetitions, totaling 20 experimental plots. The length, volume, surface area, average diameter, and root length per diameter class, as well as the uptake parameters Vmax, Km, Cmin, and the estimated inflow of P, K, Ca, and Mg, were determined. The root morphological characteristics varied between Australian cedar clones; clone XD exhibited the largest root system development. The uptake efficiency of P, K, Ca, and Mg varied between cedar Australian clones. When availability differed, clones XE and XF exhibited greater plasticity in the uptake of P and K respectively, and similar results were found for clone HE in the uptake of Ca and Mg. | RESUMO: Avaliações da morfologia radicular e de parâmetros cinéticos auxiliam na caracterização de genótipos quanto à eficiência de absorção de nutrientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar clones de cedro-australiano quanto à capacidade de absorção de nutrientes na fase de muda, por meio da determinação de características morfológicas radiculares e dos parâmetros cinéticos de absorção de P, K, Ca e Mg. O experimento foi conduzido em solução nutritiva em casa de vegetação e câmara de crescimento. Foram testados quatro clones de cedro-australiano (HE, XF, XD e XE), provenientes da empresa Bela Vista Florestal, sendo utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições, totalizando em vinte parcelas experimentais. Determinou-se o comprimento, volume, área superficial, diâmetro médio e extensão de raízes por classes de diâmetro, bem como os parâmetros de absorção Vmax, Km, Cmin e o influxo estimado para P, K, Ca e Mg. As características morfológicas radiculares variam entre os clones de cedro-australiano, tendo destaque para o clone XD que apresentou um maior desenvolvimento do sistema radicular. A eficiência de absorção de P, K, Ca e Mg varia entre os clones de cedro-australiano. Em condições de variações na disponibilidade, os clones XF e XE apresentam maior plasticidade na absorção de P e K, respectivamente, e o clone HE na absorção de Ca e Mg.

Evaluation of root morphology and kinetic parameters assist in the characterization of genotypes in nutrient uptake efficiency. This study characterized Australian cedar clones concerning their nutrient uptake capacity at the seedling stage through root morphology and the kinetics of P, K, Ca, and Mg uptake. The experiment was conducted using a nutrient solution in a greenhouse and growth chamber. Four Australian cedar clones (HE, XF, XD, and XE), provided by Bela Forest View ( Empresa Florestal Bela Vista ), were tested using a completely randomized design with five repetitions, totaling 20 experimental plots. The length, volume, surface area, average diameter, and root length per diameter class, as well as the uptake parameters V max , K m , C min , and the estimated inflow of P, K, Ca, and Mg, were determined. The root morphological characteristics varied between Australian cedar clones; clone XD exhibited the largest root system development. The uptake efficiency of P, K, Ca, and Mg varied between cedar Australian clones. When availability differed, clones XE and XF exhibited greater plasticity in the uptake of P and K respectively, and similar results were found for clone HE in the uptake of Ca and Mg.

RESUMO: Os sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento se destacam para a aplicação de águas residuárias, devido à minimização das perdas de água, dos riscos ambientais e de saúde pública, porém a obstrução dos emissores representa um problema potencial dessa tecnologia. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o coeficiente de variação de vazão (FCV) e o coeficiente de uniformidade estatístico (Us) de unidades gotejadoras abastecidas com percolado de aterro sanitário diluído em água de abastecimento. O experimento foi conduzido sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, tendo nas parcelas os tipos de gotejadores (G1 não autocompensante; e G2, G3 e G4 autocompensantes) e nas subparcelas os tempos de avaliação (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 e 160 horas), com quatro repetições. Os valores de FCV, CSU e das características físico-químicas e biológicas do percolado de aterro sanitário diluído foram determinadas a cada 20 horas, até completar 160 horas de operação das unidades gotejadoras. A bioincrustação proporcionou maiores alterações nos valores de FCV e CSU da unidade gotejadora com gotejador G1 (não autocompensante) em relação às unidades dotadas dos gotejadores G2, G3 e G4 (autocompensantes). O gotejador G3 foi o mais adequado na aplicação do percolado de aterro sanitário diluído. | ABSTRACT: Drip irrigation systems stand out for the use of wastewater, by minimizing water losses and risks to the environment and public health, however, the clogging of emitters is a potential problem in this technology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the flow coefficient of variation (FCV) and the coefficient of statistical uniformity (CSU) of drip irrigation units operating with water-diluted landfill leachate. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized split-plot design, with emitter types in the plots (G1 - non-pressure compensating, and G2, G3 and G4 - pressure compensating) and evaluation times in the subplots (0, 20, 40, 60 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 hours), with four replications. The FCV, CSU and physicochemical and biological characteristic values of the dilute landfill leachate were determined every 20 hours to complete 160 hours of operation of the drip units. The biofouling caused major value changes in the FCV and the CSU of the drip unit with the G1 emitter (non-pressure compensating) compared to the units with the G2, G3 and G4 emitters (pressure compensating). The G3 emitter was the most adequate for applying the dilute landfill leachate.

Os sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento se destacam para a aplicação de águas residuárias, devido à minimização das perdas de água, dos riscos ambientais e de saúde pública, porém a obstrução dos emissores representa um problema potencial dessa tecnologia. Objetivou - se com este trabalho avaliar o coeficiente de variação de vazão (FCV) e o coeficiente de uniformidade estatístico (Us) de unidades gotejadoras abastecidas com percolado de aterro sanitário diluído em água de abastecimento. O experimento foi conduzido sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, tendo nas parcelas os tipos de gotejadores (G1 não autocompensante; e G2, G3 e G4 autocompensantes) e nas subparcelas os tempos de avaliação (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 e 160 horas), com quatro repetições. Os valores de FCV, CSU e das características físico - químicas e biológicas do percolado de aterro sanitário diluído foram determinadas a cada 20 horas, até completar 160 horas de operação das unidades gotejadoras. A bioincrustação proporcionou maiores alterações nos valores de FCV e CSU da unidade gotejadora com gotejador G1 (não autocompensante) em relação às unidades dotadas dos gotejadores G2, G3 e G4 (autocompensantes). O gotejador G3 foi o mais adequado na aplicação do percolado de aterro sanitário diluído.

RESUMO: A raça Mangalarga Marchador é responsável pelo maior rebanho de equinos do país e tem alcançado crescente expansão nacional e internacional. Apesar disso, é escassa a produção científica sobre a evolução dessa raça e não existem estudos sobre as transformações morfométricas que ocorreram ao longo de sua formação. Neste contexto, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a evolução das medidas morfométricas da raça Mangalarga Marchador entre 1970 e 2010. Foram utilizadas informações arquivadas na Associação Brasileira dos Criadores do Cavalo Mangalarga Marchador de 23148 machos e 92980 fêmeas, em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso. Os seis tratamentos foram constituídos pelos animais mensurados de 1970 a 1979, 1980 a 1989, 1990 a 1994, 1995 a 1999, 2000 a 2004 e 2005 a 2010, respectivamente. As medidas avaliadas foram: alturas na cernelha e garupa, comprimentos da cabeça, pescoço, dorso-lombo, garupa, espádua e corpo, larguras da cabeça e da garupa, além de perímetros torácico e da canela. Ao longo do período avaliado observou-se nos machos e fêmeas redução do perímetro torácico, dos comprimentos da cabeça, dorso-lombo, garupa e espádua e das larguras de cabeça e garupa. Nos machos houve também redução no comprimento do pescoço e aumento no perímetro da canela. Nas fêmeas verificou-se aumento no comprimento do corpo. Ao longo do tempo, a seleção da raça conferiu aos animais menor cabeça, maior estatura e menor comprimento do tronco. No entanto, houve redução de medidas importantes para sua funcionalidade, como o comprimento da espádua e do perímetro torácico. | ABSTRACT: The Mangalarga Marchador breed accounts for the largest horse herd in Brazil and has been experiencing national and international expansion. Nevertheless, there is little scientific production on the evolution of this breed and there are no studies on the morphometric transformations that took place during its formation. In this context, the present study aimed to assess the evolution in morphometric measures of the Mangalarga Marchador breed between 1970 and 2010. The research used information archived at the Brazilian Association of Mangalarga Marchador Breeders from 23,148 males and 92,980 females in a completely randomized experimental design. The six treatments consisted of the animals measured between 1970 and 1979, 1980 and 1989, 1990 and 1994, 1995 and 1999, 2000 and 2004, and 2005 and 2010, respectively. The measures assessed were: height at withers and croup, length of the head, neck, back, croup, shoulder, and body, width of the head and croup, thoracic circumference, and cannon circumference Over the period analyzed, males and females experienced a reduction in thoracic circumference, in the lengths of the head, back, croup, and shoulder, and in the widths of the head and croup. In the males, neck length and cannon circumference also decreased, while body length increased in females. Over time, breed selection led to smaller head, higher stature, and shorter trunk length. However, important measures for the breed's functionality, such as shoulder length and thoracic circumference, decreased.

The Mangalarga Marchador breed accounts for the largest horse herd in Brazil and has been experiencing national and international expansion. Nevertheless, there is little scientific production on the evolution of this breed and there are no studies on the morphometric transformations that took place during its formation. In this context, the present study aimed to assess the evolution in morphometric measures of the Mangalarga Marchador breed between 1970 and 2010. The research used information archived at the Brazilian Association of Mangalarga Marchador Breeders from 23,148 males and 92,980 females in a completely randomized experimental design. The six treatments consisted of the animals measured between 1970 and 1979, 1980 and 1989, 1990 and 1994, 1995 and 1999, 2000 and 2004, and 2005 and 2010, respectively. The measures assessed were: height at withers and croup, length of the head, neck, back, croup, shoulder, and body, width of the head and croup, thoracic circumference, and cannon circumference Over the period analyzed, males and females experienced a reduction in thoracic circumference, in the lengths of the head, back, croup, and shoulder, and in the widths of the head and croup. In the males, neck length and cannon circumference also decreased, while body length increased in females. Over time, breed selection led to smaller head, higher stature, and shorter trunk length. However, important measures for the breed’s functionality, such as shoulder length and thoracic circumference, decreased.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se verificar a presença das interações genótipos ambientes (IGA) para o peso ajustado aos 365 dias de idade (P365) na raça Tabapuã na região Nordeste do Brasil usando modelos de normas de reação (NR). O modelo normas de reação com variância residual homogênea e um passo proporcionou melhor ajuste aos dados pelos critérios de informação da deviance, deviance baseada na ordenada preditiva condicional e da deviance baseada nos fatores de Bayes. As estimativas de herdabilidade direta e materna, para o modelo animal, foram 0,17±0,04 e 0,07±0,03, respectivamente. As herdabilidades diretas para modelo normas de reação no ambiente de baixo e alto manejo foram de 0,21±0,06 e0,70±0,04, respectivamente. As correlações entre a inclinação e o intercepto da norma de reação foram de 0,68±0,10 e 0,96±0,06, para o efeito direto e materno, indicando que os animais com maiores valores genéticos respondem positivamente à melhoria do ambiente, especialmente para o efeito materno. As correlações de Spearman entre as classificações dos reprodutores variaram de 0,14 a 0,94 nos diferentes ambientes e modelos. Os valores genéticos da maioria dos animais apresentam-se robustos à variação ambiental, no entanto quando considera os reprodutores com maior número de filhos, verifica-se a presença de IGA. | ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to verify the presence of genotype-environment interactions (GEI) on the weight adjusted to 365 days of age (W365) for Tabapua cattle in the Northeast of Brazil, using reaction norm (RN) models. The reaction norm model with homogeneous residual variance and 1-step provided the best fit to the data by the criteria information of deviance, deviance based on the conditional predictive ordinate and deviance based on the Bayes factors. Direct and maternal heritability estimates for the animal model were 0.17±0.04 and 0.07±0.03, respectively. The direct heritability for model reaction norm in the low and high management environment were 0.21±0.06 and 0,70±0.04, respectively. The correlations between the slope and intercept of the reaction norm were 0.68±0.10 and 0.96±0.06 for the direct and maternal effect, indicating that the animals with high genetic values respond positively to environment improvements, especially for the maternal effect. The Spearman correlations between the sire classifications ranged from 0.14 to 0.94 in the different environments and models. Genetic values of most animals were robust to environmental variation, however, considering the sires with the highest number of progeny, there is the presence of GEI.

The objective of this work was to verify the presence of genotype - environment interactions (GEI) on the weight adjusted to 365 days of age (W365) for Tabapua cattle in the Northeast of Brazil, using reaction norm (RN) models. The reaction norm model with homogeneous residual variance and 1 - step provided the best fit to the data by the criteria information of deviance, deviance based on the conditional predictive ordinate and deviance based on the Bayes factors. Direct and maternal heritability estimates for the animal model were 0.17±0.04 and 0.07±0.03, respectively. The direct heritability for model reaction norm in the low and high management environment were 0.21±0.06 and 0,70±0.04, respectively. The correlations between the slope and intercept of the reaction norm were 0.68±0.10 and 0.96±0.06 for the direct and maternal effect, indicating that the animals with high genetic values respond positively to environment improvements, especially for the maternal effect. The Spearman correlations between the sire classifications ranged from 0.14 to 0.94 in the different environments and models. Genetic values of most animals were robust to environmental variation, however, considering the sires with the highest number of progeny, there is the presence of GEI.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to survey the entomofauna in an experimental vineyard (Vitis spp.) in the semiarid of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil. The survey was conducted from November 2012 to January 2013 at the Rafael Fernandes experimental farm of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró, RN, in an area of 2,500 m2, cultivated with the Italia, Niagara Rosada and Isabel grapevine varieties. The insect collection was performed weekly during the grapevine flowering and fruiting periods, through a passive method, using four Pitfall traps, and an active method, collecting insects from the tree canopies (branches, leaves, flowers and fruits) using entomological net, tweezers and brushes. In the passive collection, 1,598 insects from five orders and 25 families were collected, especially from the Formicidae (83%), Dolichopodidae (5.9%) and Cicadellidae (1.9%) families, which were the most abundant. In the active collection, 288 insects from five orders and 14 families were collected, especially from the Vespidae (160 specimens) and Apidae (78 specimens) families, which were the most abundant, representing 82.7% of the total collected insects. The greater diversity (13 families) and greater number of insects collected (186 specimens) were observed in the grapevine variety Isabel. | RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o levantamento da entomofauna em um vinhedo experimental (Vitis spp.) no semiárido do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brasil. O levantamento foi conduzido de novembro de 2012 a janeiro de 2013 na fazenda experimental Rafael Fernandes, da Universidade Federal Rural do SemiÁrido (UFERSA), Mossoró, RN, em uma área de 2500 m2, cultivada com videiras das variedades Itália, Niagara Rosada e Isabel. A amostragem dos insetos foi realizada semanalmente durante os períodos de florescimento e frutificação das videiras, através de um método passivo, usando quatro armadilhas Pitfall, e um método ativo, coletando insetos das copas das árvores (ramos, folhas, flores e frutos), usando rede entomológica, pinças e pincéis. Na amostragem passiva foram coletados 1.598 insetos de cinco ordens e 25 famílias, especialmente das famílias Formicidae (83%), Dolichopodidae (5,9%) e Cicadellidae (1,9%), as quais foram as mais abundantes. Na amostragem ativa foram coletados 288 insetos de cinco ordens e 14 famílias, especialmente das famílias Vespidae (160 espécimes) e Apidae (78 espécimes), as quais foram as mais abundantes, representando 82,7% do total de insetos coletados. A maior diversidade (13 famílias) e o maior número de insetos coletados (186 espécimes) foram observados nas videiras da variedade Isabel.

The objective of this work was to survey the entomofauna in an experimental vineyard ( Vitis spp.) in the semiarid of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil. The survey was conducted from November 2012 to January 2013 at the Rafael Fernandes experimental farm of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi - Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró, RN, in an area of 2,500 m 2 , cultivated with the Italia , Niagara Rosada and Isabel grapevine varieties. The insect collection was performed weekly during the grapevine flowering and fruiting periods, through a passive method, using four Pitfall traps, and an active method, collecting insects from the tree canopies (branches, leaves, flowers and fruits) using entomological net, tweezers and brushes. In the passive collection, 1,598 insects from five orders and 25 families were collected, especially from the Formicidae (83%), Dolichopodidae (5.9%) and Cicadellidae (1.9%) families, which were the most abundant. In the active collection, 288 insects from five orders and 14 families were collected, especially from the Vespidae (160 specimens) and Apidae (78 specimens) families, which were the most abundant, representing 82.7% of the total collected insects. The greater diversity (13 families) and greater number of insects collected (186 specimens) were observed in the grapevine variety Isabel.

RESUMO: O maracujá-do-mato (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.) é uma espécie perene, resistente à seca, podendo representar uma nova alternativa de cultivo para o pequeno agricultor em condições de sequeiro. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo e fisiológico de plantas de maracujá-do-mato, sob diferentes condições de propagação e espaçamentos. O experimento foi conduzido no período de janeiro a junho de 2012, na Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, com o delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, constituído por dois métodos de propagação e três espaçamentos de plantio na linha (3,0 x 1,5; 3,0 x 3,0 e 3,0x 4,0 m) permanecendo constantes as distâncias entre as linhas de plantio de 3,0 m, com quatro repetições e quatro plantas por parcela. As estacas e sementes foram coletadas de plantas adultas selecionadas em áreas nativas de Vitória da Conquista-BA. Foram realizadas avaliações de crescimento (diâmetro do caule e área foliar) e fisiológicas (teor de clorofila na folha, potencial hídrico foliar antemanhã, teor relativo de água e trocas gasosas foliares) aos 90, 120 e 150 dias após transplantio das mudas no campo (DAT). Nas condições em que o trabalho foi conduzido conclui-se que apesar da manutenção de status hídrico mais favorável das plantas propagadas via estaquia, o desenvolvimento vegetativo e a capacidade fotossintética são reduzidas quando comparadas aos de plantas obtidas por meio de sementes. | ABSTRACT: The passion fruit (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.) is a perennial and drought resistant species that represents a new alternative crop for small farmers in rainfed conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the vegetative and physiological development of passion fruit plants derived from two propagation methods and grown at varied planting spacing. The experiment was conducted from January to June of 2012, in the Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (State University from Southwestern Bahia), in Brazil. It was carried out in a randomized block design under a 2 x 3 factorial scheme, which consisted of two propagation methods (cutting and seeds) and three planting spacing distances within a row (1.5; 3.0 and 4.0 m), however, at same distance between rows (3.0 m), with four replicates and four plants per plot. Cuttings and seeds were sampled from adult plants pre-selected in native areas from Vitória da Conquista - BA, Brazil. Growth (stem diameter and leaf area) and physiological parameters (leaf chlorophyll content, leaf water potential before dawn, relative water content and leaf gas exchange) were assessed on the 90th, 120th and 150th day after transplanting of seedlings into the field (DAT). Based on our results, we concluded that despite plants propagated via cuttings showed most favorable water status, vegetative growth and photosynthetic capacity were lower whether compared to plants obtained from seeds.

The passion fruit (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.) is a perennial and drought resistant species that represents a new alternative crop for small farmers in rainfed conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the vegetative and physiological development of passion fruit plants derived from two propagation methods and grown at varied planting spacing. The experiment was conducted from January to June of 2012, in the Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (State University from Southwestern Bahia), in Brazil. It was carried out in a randomized block design under a 2 x 3 factorial scheme, which consisted of two propagation methods (cutting and seeds) and three planting spacing distances within a row (1.5; 3.0 and 4.0 m), however, at same distance between rows (3.0 m), with four replicates and four plants per plot. Cuttings and seeds were sampled from adult plants pre-selected in native areas from Vitória da Conquista - BA, Brazil. Growth (stem diameter and leaf area) and physiological parameters (leaf chlorophyll content, leaf water potential before dawn, relative water content and leaf gas exchange) were assessed on the 90th, 120th and 150th day after transplanting of seedlings into the field (DAT). Based on our results, we concluded that despite plants propagated via cuttings showed most favorable water status, vegetative growth and photosynthetic capacity were lower whether compared to plants obtained from seeds.

RESUMO: Um dos grandes problemas de alguns cultivares de arroz de terras altas é o aumento do porte da planta quando submetido a altas doses de fertilizante nitrogenado, atingindo altos índices de acamamento. Uma opção para diminuir a altura das plantas de arroz, e com isso também o acamamento, seria a utilização de reguladores vegetais, entretanto, existem poucas informações sobre o efeito desses reguladores nos processos fisiológicos da planta. Assim, objetivou-se, por meio da análise de crescimento e de trocas gasosas, avaliar a influência da aplicação de etil-trinexapac na cultura do arroz de terras altas. O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação usando-se a cultivar BRS Primavera. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com oito repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos sem e com aplicação de regulador de crescimento vegetal e dois estádios de desenvolvimento avaliados. Foram estimados os índices fisiológicos e trocas gasosas. O uso de regulador de crescimento etil-trinexapac proporcionou melhor desenvolvimento das plantas de arroz do estádio de florescimento a maturação fisiológica, resultando em valores de RAF, AFE e PMF mais elevados nas plantas tratadas. Paralelamente, proporcionou menor redução na assimilação líquida de CO2 na fase de maturação fisiológica. Assim, a TAL não sofreu alteração em função do regulador de crescimento e a TCR apresentou redução nas plantas tratadas. Estes resultados indicam a ocorrência de autosombreamento na cultura induzida pela concentração do etil-trinexapac, que pode ter sido supra ótima. | ABSTRACT: A major problem affecting some upland rice cultivars is the increase in plant size when subjected to high doses of nitrogen fertilizer, leading to high levels of lodging. A method to reduce the height of upland rice, and therefore lodging, would be to use plant growth regulators. However, little information exists on the effect of these regulators on plant physiological processes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of trinexapac-ethyl application in upland rice via analysis of growth and gas exchange. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions using the BRS Primavera cultivar. A completely randomized design with eight replications was used. Treatments were carried out with and without the application of the plant growth regulator, and plants were subject to two-stage assessments in which physiological and gas-exchange indices were measured. The use of trinexapac-ethyl improved the growth of rice plants from the flowering to the physiological maturity stage, resulting in higher values of leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, and leaf matter ratio in treated plants. At the same time, it provided smaller reduction in net CO2 assimilation at the physiological maturity stage. Thus, net/apparent assimilation rate did not change after the application of growth regulator, but relative growth rate decreased in these treated plants. These results indicate the occurrence of self-shading in rice plants induced by what might be a supra-optimum trinexapac-ethyl concentration.

A major problem affecting some upland rice cultivars is the increase in plant size when subjected to high doses of nitrogen fertilizer, leading to high levels of lodging. A method to reduce the height of upland rice, and therefore lodging, would be to use plant growth regulators. However, little information exists on the effect of these regulators on plant physiological processes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of trinexapac-ethyl application in upland rice via analysis of growth and gas exchange. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions using the BRS Primavera cultivar. A completely randomized design with eight replications was used. Treatments were carried out with and without the application of the plant growth regulator, and plants were subject to two-stage assessments in which physiological and gas-exchange indices were measured. The use of trinexapac-ethyl improved the growth of rice plants from the flowering to the physiological maturity stage, resulting in higher values of leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, and leaf matter ratio in treated plants. At the same time, it provided smaller reduction in net CO2 assimilation at the physiological maturity stage. Thus, net/apparent assimilation rate did not change after the application of growth regulator, but relative growth rate decreased in these treated plants. These results indicate the occurrence of self-shading in rice plants induced by what might be a supra-optimum trinexapac-ethyl concentration.

RESUMO: A técnica de produção de mudas para revegetação visa propiciar o melhor crescimento em um tempo mínimo, de forma a permitir bons níveis de sobrevivência e crescimento após o transplantio para o ambiente definitivo. Dentre as condições de cultivo, há o interesse em se obter os níveis de sombreamento que propiciem o melhor crescimento. Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar o crescimento de plantas jovens de Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. (sabiá) submetidas a sombreamento, no semiárido nordestino. Foram testados quatro tipos de tela de sombreamento (0, 30, 50 e 70%). Foi avaliado o comprimento da parte aérea, o diâmetro do coleto, a massa seca do caule, das folhas, da planta, e a área foliar. Foi calculada a razão de área foliar, a área foliar específica, a taxa de crescimento absoluto, a taxa de crescimento relativo e a taxa assimilatória líquida. Os níveis de sombreamento afetaram o crescimento M. caesalpinifolia, com os melhores indicadores de crescimento observados nas mudas mantidas em ambiente sob sombrite 50%, o que proporcionou aumento em altura, área foliar e massa seca das plantas, quando comparado ao tratamento a pleno sol. | ABSTRACT: Seedling production for reforestation aims to achieve the best plant growth in a minimal amount of time, to provide good survival and growth levels after transplantation. During cultivation, it is necessary to know the shading levels that lead to the best growth. The objective of this study was to assess the growth of young Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. plants provided with various amounts of shade in the northeast semi-arid region of Brazil. Four types of shade cloth were tested (0, 30, 50 and 70%). Shoot length, stem diameter, stem dry matter, leaf dry matter, total dry matter and leaf area were assessed. Leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were also calculated. The different shading levels affected M. caesalpinifolia growth, with the best growth indicators observed in plants grown under 50% shade, with increases in plant height, leaf area and total dry matter observed compared to the full sun condition.

Seedling production for reforestation aims to achieve the best plant growth in a minimal amount of time, to provide good survival and growth levels after transplantation. During cultivation, it is necessary to know the shading levels that lead to the best growth. The objective of this study was to assess the growth of young Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. plants provided with various amounts of shade in the northeast semi-arid region of Brazil. Four types of shade cloth were tested (0, 30, 50 and 70%). Shoot length, stem diameter, stem dry matter, leaf dry matter, total dry matter and leaf area were assessed. Leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were also calculated. The different shading levels affected M. caesalpinifolia growth, with the best growth indicators observed in plants grown under 50% shade, with increases in plant height, leaf area and total dry matter observed compared to the full sun condition.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar a produtividade da figueira fertirrigada com biofertilizante bovino sob diferentes ambientes de cultivo no semiárido cearense. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da Unidade de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão, do IFCE, Limoeiro do Norte, CE. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos ao acaso, com parcelas subsubdivididas, com quatro repetições e três plantas por parcela. As parcelas foram constituídas por três ambientes (pleno sol - PS; latada - LT e estufa - EST), as subparcelas, as concentrações do biofertilizante bovino diluídas em água nas seguintes concentrações: T0 (0% de biofertilizante + 100% de água); T1 (20% de biofertilizante + 80% de água); T2 (40% de biofertilizante + 60% de água);T3 (60% de biofertiliante + 40% de água) e a subsubparcela, os ciclos produtivos. As variáveis avaliadas foram: massa média de frutos, diâmetro do fruto, número de frutos por planta e a produtividade. Os ambientes de cultivo (estufa e latada) promovem melhor desempenho em massa média e diâmetro do fruto comparadas aos das plantas cultivadas a pleno sol durante os ciclos produtivos da cultura da figueira cultivada no semiárido cearense. O biofertilizante bovino na concentração de 60% promoveu a maior massa, diâmetro, número de frutos por planta e produtividade da cultura da figueira. | ABSTRACT: The objective was to evaluate the productivity of the fig tree the organic fertirrigation cattle under different environmental conditions in Ceará semiarid region. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Teaching Unit, Research and Extension, the IFCE, North Lemon Tree, EC. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with split plots, with four replications and three plants per plot. The plots consisted of three rooms (full sun - PS; trellis - LT and greenhouse - EST), the subplots, the concentrations of bovine biofertilizer diluted in water in the following concentrations: T0 (0% of biofertilizer + 100% water); T1 (20% biofertilizer 80 +% water); T2 (40% biofertilizer + 60% water), T3 (60% biofertiliante + 40% water) and subsubplot, the production cycles. The variables were evaluated: average fruit weight, fruit diameter, number of fruits per plant and yield. The cultivation environments (greenhouse and trellis) promote better performance on average mass and diameter of the fruit compared to plants grown in full sun during the production cycles of the fig crop grown in Ceará semiarid region. The bovine biofertilizer in the concentration of 60% promoted the highest mass, diameter, number of fruits per plant and the fig crop yield.

The objective was to evaluate the productivity of the fig tree the organic fertirrigation cattle under different environmental conditions in Ceará semiarid region. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Teaching Unit, Research and Extension, the IFCE, North Lemon Tree, EC. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with split plots, with four replications and three plants per plot. The plots consisted of three rooms (full sun - PS; trellis - LT and greenhouse - EST), the subplots, the concentrations of bovine biofertilizer diluted in water in the following concentrations: T0 (0% of biofertilizer + 100% water); T1 (20% biofertilizer 80 +% water); T2 (40% biofertilizer + 60% water), T3 (60% biofertiliante + 40% water) and subsubplot, the production cycles. The variables were evaluated: average fruit weight, fruit diameter, number of fruits per plant and yield. The cultivation environments (greenhouse and trellis) promote better performance on average mass and diameter of the fruit compared to plants grown in full sun during the production cycles of the fig crop grown in Ceará semiarid region. The bovine biofertilizer in the concentration of 60% promoted the highest mass, diameter, number of fruits per plant and the fig crop yield.