Água-mel is a honey-based traditional product typically produced in southern Portugal. The evolution of some parameters during its production using two distinct containers (aluminium and stainless steel with a water cooling system) and two heating sources (gas heating and electricity) were evaluated. All parameters, except moisture, increased over time, reaching a ‘plateau’ after 8 h of heating. Moisture, free acidity, HMF (hydroxymethylfurfural), colour, melanoidins, phenols and glucose depended on the producer and procedure for obtaining água-mel. Kinetic parameters and correlation coefficients were determined. In general, changes in parameters during água-mel production followed zero- and/or first-order kinetics, depending on the producer and heating system.

Climate change is at the top of the development agenda in Central America. This region, together with the Caribbean, is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change in Latin America. Climate change is manifesting itself through higher average temperatures and more frequent droughts that result in higher water stress, and through the rising frequency of extreme weather events such as tropical storms, hurricanes, floods and landslides, all of which pose significant challenges in the rural water supply and sanitation sector. The paper starts with a review of the historic data on temperature and precipitation trends in Central America and particularly at the regional level in Nicaragua. The data reveal a clear trend of the growing climate variability, increased water stress for crops, and greater frequency of extreme weather events. The rising intensity and frequency of ex-treme weather events is among the most critical risks to the region's development agenda, and they translate into high economic losses. This paper examines the impacts and implications of potential climate change on water resources in Nicaragua and makes key recommendations to integrate climate change and rural water supply and sanitation policies and programs in a way that increase resilience to current and future climate conditions. | 0

This work, relates the wine production with efficient use of water, energy and fuel, and the greenhouse gases generation. A web platform was developed, based on the results of a set of six test runs in vineyards, which production are in the range of 3 to 25 million of liters of wine per year. The following stages was considered: 1. Winemaking Stage. 2. Reception of grape in hoppers or selection tables. 3. Alcohol Fermentation, Maceration and Reassembly. 4. Take-off and pressing. 5. Malolactic fermentation. 6. Stabilization and Filtered. 7. Bottling. The process of white wine is quite similar, except for the order of the stages and the absence of maceration. The platform results are based on the experimental data, which was used to formulate a model among the wine production geographic location and utility consumption: water, fuel and electricity. At the time, the platform is based on excel and visual basic, so it can be run on any standard computer. Main results of the web platform are expressed in kWh/liters of wine, or liters of water/liters of wine, for example, parameters that are useful for the generation of opportunities to improve best practices in the industry of wine.

Between 1996 and 2005, natural catastrophic events had an estimated cost of US$575.2 billion world-wide. In particular, it has been observed that developing countries are relatively more affected by such events, since its gross domestic product (GDP) have showed sharper declines than developed countries' ratios. On August 15, 2007, an earthquake measuring 7.9 on the Richter scale shook the southern part of the central coast of Peru, with devastating consequences. Given the magnitude of the damage caused, one wonders how much less the cost of rehabilitating water and sanitation systems might have been if public investment projects and management of urban utilities (companies in charge of the water and sanitation provision), had incorporated disaster risk reduction measures. For this reason, and because this is a key public sector service for the wellbeing of population, the World Bank's water and sanitation program commissioned Apoyo Consultoria S.A.C. to conduct a research on the water and sanitation sector in order to attend the following inquiry: how much unpreparedness cost to the sector providing water and sanitation services? In other words, in economic terms, what will have been the gain to society or the reconstruction savings if risk prevention measures had been included in the management of services in the sector proposed for the analysis?

La presente monografía establece alternativas y estrategias para la reducción de consumo de servicios (agua, electricidad y gas) en las unidades operativas de la secretaria de integración social, con el fin fundamental de minimizar al máximo la demanda de recursos naturales por parte de los usuarios de dichos establecimientos. Las unidades operativas de la secretaria de integración social, objeto de estudio, son establecimientos que prestan distintos servicios a diferentes sectores de la población de la ciudad, entre los servicios principales se destaca el cuidado de infantes, alimentación a distintos tipos de población, alojamiento al adulto mayor, entre otros. La metodología usada consto de dos etapas, en la parte investigativa se conto con una base de archivos suministrada por el área de Gestión ambiental de la Secretaria de Integración Social, la cual contenía recibos de los distintos servicios públicos de necesidad básica en Bogotá, obteniendo como resultado una base de datos de consumo que a su vez permitió analizar a fondo la demanda real de recursos naturales por parte de la población usuaria de las unidades operativas. En segunda instancia nos apoyamos de una metodología cuasi experimental que permitió establecer concretamente el tipo de población a la cual iba dirigida cada una de las estrategias formuladas para la reducción de consumo de servicios públicos en los distintos tipos de establecimientos objetos de estudio. El tipo de unidad operativa que se selecciono para el análisis de resultados fueron los Jardines infantiles, ya que son estructuras con un alto nivel de presencia en cada una de las localidades de la ciudad de Bogotá, así mismo durante la consolidación de los resultados se observo que eran las unidades mas cercanas al promedio de consumo de cada uno de los servicios públicos. Para finalizar se formularon alternativas al consumo convencional para cada uno de los servicios públicos, se llevo a cabo un análisis de la viabilidad técnica y financiera del proyecto y se establecieron una serie de recomendaciones tanto para los usuarios de los servicios de la secretaria de integración social como para los trabajadores de la planta básica de estos establecimientos. | This monograph establishes alternatives and strategies for reducing the consumption of services (water, electricity and gas) in the operating units of the secretary of social integration, with the fundamental aim of minimizing the demand for natural resources by users as much as possible. of said establishments. The operating units of the secretary of social integration, object of study, are establishments that provide different services to different sectors of the population of the city, among the main services the care of infants, feeding to different types of population, accommodation to the older adult, among others. The methodology used consisted of two stages, in the investigative part there was a file base provided by the Environmental Management area of the Secretariat of Social Integration, which contained receipts for the different public services of basic need in Bogotá, obtaining as The result was a consumption database that in turn allowed for an in-depth analysis of the real demand for natural resources by the user population of the operating units. In the second instance, we rely on a quasi-experimental methodology that allowed us to specifically establish the type of population to which each of the strategies formulated to reduce the consumption of public services in the different types of establishments under study was directed. The type of operating unit that was selected for the analysis of the results was the Kindergartens, since they are structures with a high level of presence in each of the localities of the city of Bogotá, likewise during the consolidation of the results it was observed which were the units closest to the average consumption of each of the public services. Finally, alternatives to conventional consumption were formulated for each of the public services, an analysis of the technical and financial viability of the project was carried out and a series of recommendations were established for both users of the services of the secretary of social integration. as well as for the workers of the basic plant of these establishments.

Groundwater is now a major source of agricultural water supply in many parts of the world. The value of groundwater as a new source of supply is well known. However, its additional buffering or stabilization value is less appreciated and even less analysed. Knowledge on groundwater’s stabilization value is advanced by developing and estimating an empirical model using the case of tank irrigation systems in Tamil Nadu, India. Unlike previous work, the model uses cross-sectional rather than time-series data. The results show that for the case-study region, the stabilization function added approximately 15% to supply value. Scenarios with surface water and electricity price were incorporated in the model. Increased surface-water supply and electricity price caused reduction in groundwater use but the percent of stabilization value of groundwater increased. The findings are used both to suggest improvements in tank irrigation systems and to further contextualize knowledge of groundwater’s stabilization value.

[ES] A causa del crecimiento de la población, la integridad de la seguridad y calidad de los recursos esta mermada. Además, el cambio climático no está ayudando en la resolución de las problemáticas. Es bien sabido así como está documentado que el problema es causado por el humano y que el principal objetivo de preocupación es el uso del agua, porque es el principal recurso necesario en nuestro día a día así como para la construcción de nuestra sociedad. El nexo es un concepto extendido que estudia las interconexiones entre agua, electricidad y comida, trata de explicar los problemas y pretende solucionarlos sin desequilibrar la harmonía de los tres principales factores (W-F-E). Intenta entender cómo funcionan las interconexiones y que pasaría con el desequilibrio de uno de sus factores, a la vez intenta dar importancia a la herramienta porque la inestabilidad de uno de los principales factores puede afectar a otros factores secundarios como el ambiente, la salud política o la salud económica de un estado. El principal motivo del desconocimiento del tema es por las pocas aplicaciones y la falta de comunicación entre la sociedad y los gobiernos, así como la falta de inversionistas que lleven a cargo la inversión de la aplicación de la herramienta. Los principales objetivos de esta investigación son la contextualización y la explicación de su funcionamiento y aplicación. La segunda parte de la investigación trata de aplicar y estudiar la herramienta en base a una base de datos sobre manejo del agua en Ecuador el 2019 y dar una respuesta de los resultados mediante un estudio estadístico | [EN] Because of the growth of population, the integrity of security and quality of resources is being harmed. Also, the climate change is not helping into the resolution of problematics. It’s well known and documented that the problem is caused by humans and the main target of the concern is the use of water, because is the main resource needed on our daily basis as for the construction of our society. The nexus is an extended concept that studies the interlinkages between water, electricity, and food, tends to explain the problems and pretends to solve it without unbalancing the harmony of the three main factors (W-E-F). Tries to understand how this interlinks works and what may happen with the disbalance of one the factors, at the same time tends to give importance at the tool because of the instability of one of the three main factors how may affect on other secondary factors such as the environment, politic health, or the wealth of a state. The main reason for the unknown of this topic is the few applications and the lack of communication between society and governments as the lack of stakeholders carrying the inversion of the application of the tool. The main objectives of this investigation are to contextualize the concept as explain how works and how is applied. The second part of the investigation tries to apply and study the tool based on the application of a database of water management in Ecuador in 2019 and give a response of the results with a statistic study. | Vendrell Haya, S. (2023). The nexus, concept, contextualization and uses. Procedure with the tool to study water management issue in 2019 in Ecuador based on a database. Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/201157

This report presents the World Bank Group's experience in climate and disaster resilient development and contends that it is essential to eliminate extreme poverty and achieve shared prosperity by 2030. The report argues for closer collaboration between the climate resilience and disaster risk management communities through the incorporation of climate and disaster resilience into broader development processes. Selected case studies are used to illustrate promising approaches, lessons learned, and remaining challenges all in contribution to the loss and damage discussions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The introduction provides an overview of the UNFCCC and also introduces key concepts and definitions relevant to climate and disaster resilient development. Section two describes the impacts of globally increasing weather-related disasters in recent decades. Section three summarizes how the World Bank Group's goals to end extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity are expected to be affected by rising disaster losses in a changing climate. Section four discusses the issue of attribution in weather-related disasters, and the additional start-up costs involved in climate and disaster resilient development. Section five builds upon the processes and instruments developed by the climate resilience and the disaster risk management communities of practice to provide some early lessons learned in this increasingly merging field. Section six highlights case studies and emerging good practices in climate and disaster resilient development. Section seven concludes the report, summarizing key lessons learned and identifying potential gaps and avenues for future work. | En el informe “Crear resiliencia mediante la integración de los riesgos climáticos y de desastre en el proceso de desarrollo” se muestra por qué es esencial desarrollar la resiliencia al clima para poder alcanzar los objetivos del Grupo del Banco Mundial de poner fin a la pobreza extrema y promover la prosperidad compartida. En este resumen ejecutivo se hace un llamado a la comunidad internacional del desarrollo a trabajar en diversas disciplinas y sectores con el propósito de generar una mayor resiliencia de largo plazo, reducir los riesgos y evitar mayores costos en el futuro. Se hace hincapié en la necesidad de crear instituciones y dotarlas de los medios para emprender la continua labor que se requiere para lograr un desarrollo en que se tenga en cuenta la resiliencia al clima y a los desastres. Al destacar las mejores prácticas, el informe muestra cómo los instrumentos financieros y los programas de intervención, sumados a la experiencia y conocimientos especializados en preparación para casos de desastre adquiridos durante décadas, están ayudando a las naciones a prepararse para un mundo más expuesto a los cambios. Asimismo, en el informe se reconoce que un desarrollo con tales características tiene costos iniciales adicionales, que se amortizan en el largo plazo si se actúa correctamente. En este contexto, el informe propugna una colaboración más estrecha entre las comunidades responsables de crear resiliencia al clima y las encargadas de administrar los riesgos de desastre, y la incorporación de la resiliencia al clima y a los desastres en los procesos de desarrollo en sentido más amplio. Presenta estudios de casos seleccionados para mostrar algunos enfoques promisorios, las lecciones aprendidas y los desafíos que aún existen. | Le présent rapport explique pourquoi le renforcement de la résistance aux chocs climatiques est une condition essentielle à la réalisation des objectifs du Groupe de la Banque mondiale — mettre fin à la pauvreté extrême et promouvoir une prospérité partagée — et pourquoi il devrait constituer la clé de voûte du programme mondial de développement. À défaut d’aider les pays, les régions et les villes pauvres et vulnérables à se préparer et à s’adapter aux risques climatiques actuels et futurs, nous risquons de mettre en péril des décennies d’acquis du développement. Nous espérons que ce rapport, en s’appuyant sur l’expérience de la Banque mondiale en matière de résistance aux chocs climatiques et de préparation aux catastrophes naturelles, contribuera utilement au débat international en cours sur les moyens de lutte contre les pertes et les dommages occasionnés par le changement climatique. Le rapport reconnaît cependant qu’un tel développement exige au départ des financements supplémentaires qui s’avéreront rentables à long terme si les choses sont faites correctement. Dans ce contexte, le rapport préconise un renforcement de la collaboration entre les collectivités engagées dans l’application de mesures de résistance aux chocs climatiques et de gestion des risques de catastrophe, ainsi que l’intégration de ces mesures dans le cadre plus large de leurs processus de développement. Le rapport s’appuie sur diverses études de cas pour illustrer les démarches prometteuses, les enseignements tirés de l’expérience et les difficultés qui restent à surmonter. Le rapport entend contribuer au débat engagé dans le cadre de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques au sujet des pertes et des préjudices liés aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques. Il s’adresse principalement aux professionnels du développement et aux décideurs nationaux qui doivent composer avec le défi posé par une aggravation possible des catastrophes causées par l’évolution graduelle des conditions climatiques moyennes et extrêmes.

Underground pumped storage hydroelectricity (UPSH) plants using open-pit or deep mines can be used in flat regions to store the excess of electricity produced during low-demand energy periods. It is essential to consider the interaction between UPSH plants and the surrounding geological media. There has been little work on the assessment of associated groundwater flow impacts. The impacts on groundwater flow are determined numerically using a simplified numerical model which is assumed to be representative of open-pit and deep mines. The main impact consists of oscillation of the piezometric head, and its magnitude depends on the characteristics of the aquifer/geological medium, the mine and the pumping and injection intervals. If an average piezometric head is considered, it drops at early times after the start of the UPSH plant activity and then recovers progressively. The most favorable hydrogeological conditions to minimize impacts are evaluated by comparing several scenarios. The impact magnitude will be lower in geological media with low hydraulic diffusivity; however, the parameter that plays the more important role is the volume of water stored in the mine. Its variation modifies considerably the groundwater flow impacts. Finally, the problem is studied analytically and some solutions are proposed to approximate the impacts, allowing a quick screening of favorable locations for future UPSH plants.