This study presents the evolution, present situation, and perspectives of the water supply and sanitation sector in Colombia. The sector is totally decentralized, given local administrators of the 1100 existing municipalities the responsibility of servicing their urban and rural populations. The government participates as a regulator and defies the sector policies. The development of the water sector in Colombia has been considerable in the last 10 years, mostly due to the new institutional and regulatory framework as defined in the Law 142 of 1994 (Ley de Servicios Publicos Domiciliares) and subsequent government decrees and resolutions by the Comision Reguladora del Agua (CRA). As for new tariffs and future of the sector, the CRA has not been able to define the new regulatory framework (nuevo marco regulatorio) which would bring a reduction in tariffs. Such reduction is unnecessary in a country where there is no regulation for the treatment of waste water disposal. This is a background document to the main report : Colombia - Recent economic developments in infrastructure (REDI) - balancing social and productive needs for infrastructure.

The study on the inclusion of equity approach Gender in Water and Sanitation Sector in Honduras has as the main objective to develop information on the situation of gender relations within of water and sanitation sector in Honduras, comprising the national level, the institutional level and the community level. The diagnosis analyzes results of multi-level findings, identifying elements for a proposal for strategic sector policies, and highlights which of these should be included in a methodology for incorporating a gender perspective in the sector projects. The document is arranged into eight sections: The first contains the general conceptual framework of sectors and gender. The second, introduced the objectives of the diagnosis, the sectoral levels involved (national, institutional and community) and working methodology. The third, described the findings on the inclusion of gender equity approach in national policies. The fourth, evaluates the institutional capacity to include gender equity approach to both the inside and outside organizations. The fifth, presents the results of the evaluation at the community level. The sixth identifies the elements to develop a gender strategy and makes guidelines for policies. The seventh, contains the findings by each level of the sector: national, institutional and Community. The final section presents eight recommendations and the elements for an action plan in the water and sanitation industry.

Las actividades industriales de Galicia demandan un considerable volumen de materias primas, energía y agua, que generan residuos diversos, tratados en una pequeña proporción y, provocan importantes impactos ambientales. Además, la capacidad de autoabastecimiento de energía primaria ha desaparecido, dando paso a elevadas importaciones de recursos energéticos, atendiéndose las demandas industriales sin reducir las exportaciones de electricidad y derivados del petróleo. En este artículo se pretende profundizar en el conocimiento de dicha problemática, mediante la aplicación de modelos de flujos de materiales, energía, agua y residuos para la industria manufacturera y, en particular, para sectores con una producción significativa en el conjunto de la industria gallega, realizando una comparación de su comportamiento en 1992 y 2000. Se manifiesta, así, posibles tendencias del conjunto industrial, como puede ser una cierta desmaterialización relativa, acompañada de una rematerialización absoluta.

En la industria pesquera (INDUPIR) se realizó un estudio referido al consumo de agua que se estaba generando en la línea de acabado, el que se cuantificó en estudios precedentes en 69 m3/d. Se detectó que las pérdidas fueron motivadas fundamentalmente por: 1. Problemas técnicos en las redes hidráulicas, que arrojó ser de 467 m3/mes y que no se corresponden con lo real reportado por la entidad y, 2. Problemas de operación en el proceso, que resultó de 621 m3/mes. Ambas pérdidas alcanzaron un total de 1 088 m3/mes. Los consumos energéticos asociados con estas pérdidas, que contemplaron solamente la energía eléctrica consumida en la propia planta de proceso se elevaron a 138,5 kW-h, pérdida innecesaria que afecta económicamente la organización y al Sistema Electroenergético Nacional. | In the fishing industry (INDUPIR), a study was carried out regarding water consumption that was being generated in the finishing line, which was quantified in previous studies at 69 m3/d. It was detected that the losses were mainly caused by: 1. Technical problems in the hydraulic networks, which resulted in 467 m3/month and that they do not correspond to the real reported by the entity and, 2. Operational problems in the process, which reached 621 m3/month. Both losses reached a total of 1 088 m3/month. The energy consumption associated with these losses, which only included the electricity consumed in the process plant itself, amounted to 138,5 kW-h, an unnecessary loss that economically affects the organization and the National Electric System. | Published | Refereed

Las actividades industriales de Galicia demandan un considerable volumen de materias primas, energ.a y agua, que generan residuos diversos, tratados en una peque.a proporci.n y, provocan importantes impactos ambientales. Adem.s, la capacidad de autoabastecimiento de energ.a primaria ha desaparecido, dando paso a elevadas importaciones de recursos energ.ticos, atendi.ndose las demandas industriales sin reducir las exportaciones de electricidad y derivados del petr.leo. En este art.culo se pretende profundizar en el conocimiento de dicha problem.tica, mediante la aplicaci.n de modelos de flujos de materiales, energ.a, agua y residuos para la industria manufacturera y, en particular, para sectores con una producci.n significativa en el conjunto de la industria gallega, realizando una comparaci.n de su comportamiento en 1992 y 2000. Se manifiesta, as., posibles tendencias del conjunto industrial, como puede ser una cierta desmaterializaci.n relativa, acompa.ada de una rematerializaci.n absoluta.

Abstract To determine the price increase of water in the agricultural, livestock, residential and industrial sectors of the Comarca Lagunera that will make it possible to reduce the extraction of underground water, a spatial and intertemporal equilibrium model was validated, which considered demand functions and fixed supplies. Results indicate that in the period 2001-2003, the average annual water demand was 872.5, 539.2, 62.8, 44.2 and 28.9 million cubic meters (hm3) in the pumped and surface irrigation agriculture, residential, livestock and industrial sectors. Of this demand 65.3% (1013.4 hm3) was supplied with underground water. A reduction of 10% in the underground water extractions could be achieved by increasing the price 98.6 and 21.5% in the pumped irrigation agriculture and industrial sectors, with respect to the average prices of 2001 to 2003, given that such an increase would reduce the demand by 99.8 and 1.4 hm3 in these sectors. | Resumen Para determinar el aumento en el precio del agua en los sectores agrícola, pecuario, residencial e industrial de la Comarca Lagunera que permita reducir la extracción de agua subterránea, se validó un modelo de equilibrio espacial e intertemporal que consideró funciones de demanda y ofertas fijas. Los resultados indican que en el periodo 2001-2003 la demanda anual promedio de agua fue de 872.5, 539.2, 67.8, 44.2 y 28.9 millones de metros cúbicos (hm3) en los sectores agrícola de riego por bombeo, agrícola de riego por gravedad, residencial, pecuario e industrial. De esta demanda 65.3% (1013.4 hm3) fue abastecida con agua subterránea. Una disminución de 10% en las extracciones de agua subterránea podría lograrse aumentando 98.6 y 21.5% los precios en los sectores agrícola de riego por bombeo e industrial, respecto a los precios promedio de 2001 a 2003, porque tal aumento disminuiría la demanda en 99.8 y 1.4 hm3 en esos sectores.

This document describes the process followed by the Proyecto Piloto de Agua Potable Rural y Salud Comunitaria (PROPILAS) en Cajamarca, Peru, in execution since 1999. Throughout its first phase of implementation the PROPILAS became a laboratory for designing new strategies for intervention in the water supply and sanitation sector. It has validated implementation models with private sector participation, district municipalities, and organized communities. In its quest for improved sustainability in the delivery of water supply and sanitation services in rural areas, the PROPILAS validated two models of for financing and execution for the delivery of services: a) the municipal model, and b) the local community model. Both of these models feature aspects concerning capacity building, infrastructure works, sanitary education, and community participation.

This work, relates the wine production with efficient use of water, energy and fuel, and the greenhouse gases generation. A web platform was developed, based on the results of a set of six test runs in vineyards, which production are in the range of 3 to 25 million of liters of wine per year. The following stages was considered: 1. Winemaking Stage. 2. Reception of grape in hoppers or selection tables. 3. Alcohol Fermentation, Maceration and Reassembly. 4. Take-off and pressing. 5. Malolactic fermentation. 6. Stabilization and Filtered. 7. Bottling. The process of white wine is quite similar, except for the order of the stages and the absence of maceration. The platform results are based on the experimental data, which was used to formulate a model among the wine production geographic location and utility consumption: water, fuel and electricity. At the time, the platform is based on excel and visual basic, so it can be run on any standard computer. Main results of the web platform are expressed in kWh/liters of wine, or liters of water/liters of wine, for example, parameters that are useful for the generation of opportunities to improve best practices in the industry of wine.

The report undertakes the economic, and financial evaluation of El Alto Pilot Project (EAPP), aimed at transferring the condominial water, and sewerage system from Brazil to Bolivia, and testing its applicability in the context of private sector participation in service provision. Since 1998, the EAPP provided condominial water connections to households in eight neighborhoods of El Alto, and condominial sewerage connections in nine neighborhoods. However, according to recent statistics, sixty percent of these households live below the poverty line. The report questions the relevancy, beyond Bolivia, on the extent of the project results, arguing that the peculiar cultural, geographical, and social circumstances of El Alto, makes a difficult test for the condominial approach, where factors that limited its benefits, may not necessarily hamper its development in other contexts to the same degree. Such factors included the exceptionally low levels of household consumption, and experienced difficulties in inducing the community to switch to modern hygiene practices, for a variety of cultural reasons. While results of the EAPP evaluation should thus be specific to El Alto context, in qualitative terms, they are indicative of what can be achieved through this approach: innovative engineering design of networks; community participation; hygiene education; and micro-credit financing.

Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente - Instituto Superior de Agronomia | A problemática da escassez da água, tem impelido os seus usuários a procurarem fontes alternativas deste bem precioso. As Industrias têm, neste assunto, um interesse fundamental de forma a garantirem o seu desenvolvimento sustentável. Nestas condições surge este trabalho. Nele foram desenvolvidas actividades para efectuar um diagnóstico ao uso da água, feito na SCC, de forma a poder-se balancear esse mesmo uso, visando oportunidades de reutilização e reciclagem de efluentes. No decorrer dessas actividades, foram efectuados leituras e registos de contadores, acompanhamento de processos e procedimentos e através das leituras, obtidas determinados consumos específicos. Foram ainda identificados efluentes específicos os quais foram sujeitos a amostragem e análise laboratorial. Uma origem alternativa estudada neste trabalho foi a captação de água da chuva para a sua integração nos processos industriais. Foram calculados os volumes potencialmente captáveis e analisada a qualidade dessa água. A avaliação final dos resultados obtidos permitiu a sugestão de oportunidades de melhoria da utilização da água, recuperando, tratando e reciclando efluentes da malteria, adegas e linhas de enchimento. Foi também proposto um uso para a água da chuva tendo em conta os volumes captáveis. Finalmente fez-se ainda uma análise económica sumária tendo em vista os benefícios das melhorias propostas. --------------------------------------------- The problem of water scarcity, has propelled it’s users to seek alternative sources of this precious goods. Industry, have a key role in order to ensure their sustainable development. In these bases comes this work. There were developed activities to carry out a diagnostic use of water, in order to be possible to balance this same use, seeking opportunities for reuse and recycling wastewaters. It was made counter reads and records, monitored activities and processes and through readings were calculated certain excise. There were specific individualized effluents which were subject of sampling and laboratory analysis. An alternative studied in this work was the rain water abstraction for its integration in industrial processes. Potential volumes were calculated to be collected and analyzed. The final evaluation of the results has suggested opportunities for improvement, retrieving, treating and recycling malteria effluents, filling lines and wineries. It was also proposed a use for rainwater taking into account the volume captured. At the end was made a short economic analysis for the benefits of this kind of intervention.