This study developed a method for furosemide quantification through high performance liquid chromatographic technique. Special attention was given to solute loss and storage stability due to furosemide’s low solubility and photosensitivity, respectively. The performance of Nylon and PVDF filters was tested in a 2 mg.L-1 furosemide solution. PVDF filters showed better recovery capacity and therefore are more suitable for furosemide filtration. Over eight days, three different storage conditions were studied to access furosemide degradation susceptibility: (i) exposure to light at room temperature, (ii) storage at room temperature without exposure to light, and (iii) storage at 4ºC without exposure to light. The study demonstrated that after 48 h under natural light exposure furosemide was completely degraded. Furosemide solution stored in the dark was stable. Storage temperature did not seem to affect furosemide concentration. The study shows that the selection of more suitable filter and storage conditions for furosemide determination is crucial to avoid underestimation errors | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Endotherms dissipate heat to the environment to maintain a stable body temperature at high ambient temperatures, which requires them to maintain a balance between heat dissipation and water conservation. Birds are relatively small, contain a large amount of metabolically expensive tissue, and are mostly diurnal, making them susceptible to physiological challenges related to water balance and heat dissipation. We compiled total evaporative water loss (TEWL) measurements for 174 species of birds exposed to different temperatures and used comparative methods to examine their relationships with body size, ambient temperature, precipitation, diet, and diel activity cycle. TEWL in the thermoneutral zone (TNZ) was associated primarily with body mass and activity phase. Larger and more active-phase birds, with their higher metabolic rates, lost more water through evaporation than smaller, resting-phase birds, particularly at higher thermal exposures. However, maximum temperature of the natural habitat became an important determinant of TEWL when birds were exposed to temperatures exceeding the TNZ. Species from hotter climates exhibited higher TEWL. Adaptation to arid climates did not restrict evaporative water loss at thermal conditions within the TNZ, but promoted evaporative water loss at exposures above the TNZ. The TEWL of granivores, which ingest food with low water content, differed little from species with other food habitats under all thermal conditions. The effects of environmental covariates of TEWL were dissimilar across thermal exposures, suggesting no evidence for a tradeoff between water conservation in the TNZ and heat dissipation at exposure to higher temperatures. Thus, birds may be able to acclimate when climate change results in the need to increase heat dissipation due to warming, except perhaps in hot, arid environments where species will need to depend heavily upon evaporative cooling to maintain homeothermy.

In order to define the trophic interactions in the Caimito swamp complex (municipality of Caimito, department of Sucre 84°7'42.29''N-75°06'48.59''O) and between this and the adjacent ecosystems, the biological communities present were studied. We used the information obtained in previous studies, one in high water period and one in low water period and a sampling of the authors, during the high water period. In each of them, the biotic richness of the body of water and the surrounding environment was studied, the biotic groups were: birds, aquatic macrophytes, aquatic macro invertebrates, fish, zooplankton and reptiles. A list was made of the species and taxonomic groups found, and trophic species were established, which served as the basis for the construction of the food web. The important role of detritus as a source of energy was evidenced in this ecosystem. Most representative groups were the omnivorous fish and the aquatic macro invertebrates, whose broad trophic spectrum and mechanisms for obtaining food make them vital groups in the use of matter and energy and transport to higher trophic levels. The food webs that represent the periods of drought and flood are functionally and structurally different. In period of drought, the community is dependent on detritus and primary producers participate during the flood. | Con el objetivo de definir las interacciones tróficas en el complejo cenagoso de Caimito (municipio de Caimito, departamento de Sucre 8°47'42,29''N- 75°06'48,59''O) y entre este y los ecosistemas adyacentes, se estudiaron las comunidades biológicas presentes. Se utilizó la información obtenida en estudios previos, uno en periodo de aguas altas y uno en periodo de aguas bajas y un muestreo de los autores, durante el período de aguas altas. En cada uno de ellos se estudió la riqueza biótica del cuerpo de agua y el ambiente aledaño, los grupos bióticos estudiados fueron: aves, macrófitas acuáticas, macroinvertebrados acuáticos, peces, zooplancton y reptiles. Se hizo un listado de las especies y grupos taxonómicos hallados y se establecieron trofoespecies, con las que se realizó una matriz binaria de datos, que sirvió de base para construir la red trófica. Se evidenció el papel importante de los detritos, como una fuente de energía en este tipo de ecosistemas. Los grupos más representativos fueron los peces omnívoros y el conjunto de macro invertebrados acuáticos, cuyo amplio  espectro trófico y mecanismos de obtención del alimento, los convierte en grupos vitales en el aprovechamiento de materia y energía y transporte a los niveles tróficos superiores. Las redes tróficas que representan los períodos de sequía e inundación son funcional y estructuralmente diferentes. En el periodo de sequía, la comunidad es dependiente del detritus y en la inundación participan los productores primarios.

La población establecida en el municipio de Sutatausa actualmente no cuenta con un Programa para el Uso Eficiente y Ahorro de Agua por lo cual se hace necesario que la población se sensibilice y conserve este recurso mediante los diferentes programas que establece la Guía de planeación del programa de uso eficiente y ahorro del agua –PUEAA– con la cual pretende que cada municipio correspondiente a la jurisdicción de la Corporación Autónoma de Cundinamarca CAR tenga implementado este programa a fin de ayudar a la comunidad como dar cumplimiento a lo reglamentado en la Ley 373 de 1997. De esta manera se establece la información con la que actualmente cuenta la oficina de servicios públicos del municipio con el propósito de que en conjunto con el programa, exista la herramienta para dar facilidad a la preservación y conservación del recurso hídrico por parte de la población a nivel municipal como a nivel de la ronda de la quebrada Agua Clara, garantizando una calidad en cuanto al servicio de acueducto y que las poblaciones localizadas en veredas rurales cuenten con este servicio, para de esta forma cumplir las necesidades básicas para la población, a nivel operativo para lograr mayor eficacia y eficiencia en el funcionamiento actual de la planta de tratamiento de agua potable y financiero para que así se logre implementar y sostener este formulación. | The population established in the municipality of Sutatausa does not currently have a Program of Efficient Use and Saving of Water, which makes it necessary for the population to become aware of and conserve this resource through the different programs established in the Program Planning Guide Efficient Use and Saving of Water -PUEAA- with which it intends that each municipality corresponding to the jurisdiction of the Autonomous Corporation of Cundinamarca-CAR- has implemented this program in order to help the community and comply with what is regulated in Law 373 of 1997 . In this way the information is established with which the Public Services Office of the municipality currently has the purpose that in conjunction with the program, there is the tool to facilitate the preservation and conservation of the water resource by the population to municipal level as at the level of the Agua Clara stream, guaranteeing quality in terms of water supply service and the populations located in rural villages have this service and thus meet the basic needs of the population, at an operational level to achieve greater effectiveness and efficiency in the current operation of the drinking water and financial treatment plant so that this formulation can be implemented and sustained.

The flooded rice production system is a heavily user of chemicals and water for irrigation. Due to flooding water can runoff from the fields or been lost throughout percolation. Along with this water, pesticides can be transported, contaminating the surface and ground water. So, the proper irrigation management is an important practice in the prevention of environmental impact, both by reducing pesticide transport and the amount of water used for irrigation. Therefore, this dissertation had four objectives of: 1) review on literature the state of the art on pesticide transport to the environment (Chapter I), 2) evaluate the effect of water management systems on water and pesticides runoff (Chapter II), 3) evaluate the effect of irrigation on imazethapyr and imazapic leaching (Chapter III), 4) evaluate the effect of irrigation management on rice yield, water use efficiency (Chapter IV). The intermittent and flush irrigation, respectively, provides a reduction of 53 and 95% of the runoff, 46 and 60% mass of pesticide transported to the environment and increase of 15 and 40% in the efficiency of water use, due to an economy of 23 and 43% in the volume of water used in irrigation. That economy is partly attributed to increased storage of rainwater, with 492 and 299 mm for flush and intermittent irrigation managements, respectively. Irrigation promotes herbicide leaching, but the difference between treatments is only observed in the topsoil (0-5cm), where the flush irrigation promoted greater aerobic degradation. Regarding to rice yield, there was no significant difference between continuous and intermittent flooding, but was found a reduction in grain yield on plants submitted to flush irrigation, possibly by the occurrence of water stress, reflecting on plant height, delaying in rice growing season duration and lower number of spikelets per panicle. | O sistema produtivo de arroz irrigado é caracterizado pela ampla utilização de agroquímicos e grandes volumes de água para a irrigação por inundação. Devido à permanência de lâmina de água sobre o solo, podem ocorrer perdas de água por escoamento superficial e percolação. Juntamente com essa água, os agrotóxicos podem ser transportados, prejudicando a qualidade dos mananciais hídricos superficiais e subsuperficiais. Portanto o adequado manejo de irrigação é uma importante prática na minimização do impacto ambiental, tanto pela diminuição no transporte de agrotóxicos, quanto na economia de água para irrigação. Em vista disto, essa dissertação teve quatro objetivos: 1) Fazer uma revisão de literatura sobre o estado da arte de transporte de agrotóxicos para a o ambiente (Capítulo I); 2) Avaliar o efeito de sistemas de manejo de irrigação no escoamento superficial de água e agrotóxicos para o meio ambiente (Capítulo II); 3) Avaliar o efeito de manejos de irrigação sobre a lixiviação do herbicida composto por imazethapyr e imazapic (Capítulo III); e 4) Avaliar o efeito de manejos de irrigação sobre a produtividade do arroz irrigado e o uso de água e a eficiência do uso desta (Capítulo IV). Os manejos de irrigação intermitente e por banhos, respectivamente, proporcionaram redução de 53 e 95% do volume de água escoada, 46 e 60% da massa de agrotóxicos transportados por escoamento para o ambiente e aumento de 15 e 40% na eficiência do uso da água, devido à economia de 23 e 43% no volume de água para irrigação. Referida economia, em parte é atribuída ao maior armazenamento de água da chuva, com 492 e 299 mm, para os manejos de irrigação por banhos e intermitente. A irrigação promove a lixiviação do herbicida, porém diferença entre os tratamentos apenas é observada na camada superficial do solo (0-5cm), onde a irrigação por banhos promoveu maior degradação aeróbica. Com relação à produtividade de grãos, não foi observada diferença significativa entre os manejos de irrigação contínuo e intermitente, porém verificou-se queda na produtividade de grãos das plantas submetidas à irrigação por banhos, possivelmente pela ocorrência de estresse hídrico, refletindo na sua estatura, atraso no ciclo e menor número de espiguetas por panícula.

The problems of pipe hydraulics (for example: Potable Water Supply Systems Projects) historically have come to solve by Hazen Williams' "empirical" method due to its explicit nature. However, this method has restrictions for its application, which often do not take into account in the design process. Reason why it is important to return to the methodology based on classical physics as the case of the method of Darcy - Weisbach wich don’t have any limits. With the help of computers this method is no longer complicated as in its beginnings (1936). For current research were use power loss by friction in pipes calculation method’s lDarcy - Weisbach 's in conjunction with the Colebrook - White equation using the Swamee - Jain equation as a reference value in a fixed point iterative numerical analysis process to calculate Darcy' s friction factor in pipes. With wich was posible implemented the method of "Hardy Cross with Correction of Flows" in the distribution network and, later, observe the variations in respect to the EPANET software. It was demonstrated that the use of both methods generates results below 1% of variability, which shows that both methodologies are congruent. Convergence exhibits a considerable sensitivity to changes in decimal precision. | Los problemas de hidráulica de tuberías (por ejemplo, proyectos de sistemas de abastecimiento de agua potable) históricamente se han venido resolviendo por medio del método “empírico” de Hazen Williams debido a su naturaleza explícita. Sin embargo, dicho método tiene restricciones para su aplicabilidad, las que muchas veces no se tienen en cuenta en el proceso de diseño. Razón por la cual es importante retomar la metodología con fundamento en la física clásica como es el caso del método de Darcy – Weisbach que no posee limitación alguna. Con ayuda de las computadoras este método deja de ser tan engorroso como en sus inicios (1936).Para la presente investigación se emplearon los métodos de cálculo de pérdidas de carga por fricción en tuberías de Darcy – Weisbach en conjunto con la ecuación de Colebrook – White utilizando como valor de referencia la ecuación de Swamee – Jain en un proceso de análisis numérico iterativo de punto fijo para calcular el factor de fricción de Darcy en tuberías. Con lo cual fue posible implementar el método de “Hardy Cross con Corrección de Caudales” en la red de distribución y, posteriormente, observar las variaciones con respecto al software EPANET. Se demostró que el uso de ambos métodos genera resultados por debajo de 1% de variabilidad, lo cual, evidencia que ambas metodologías son congruentes. La convergencia presenta una considerable sensibilidad a las variaciones en la precisión decimal.

This work aimed to fit time series models to the series of water outflow at Furnas Dam. We studied the effect of trend, seasonality and intervention factor in the analysis. Data were colleted daily from January of 1963 to December of 1994 at Furnas Dam. We considered Box & Jenkins models models with and without the intervention factor. We noted that the series of water outflow are fitted by SARIMA models and the intervention factor gave us more information. | Com este trabalho teve-se como principal objetivo analisar o comportamento da série de vazão de água na barragem de Furnas, empregando análise de séries temporais e estudando o efeito de sazonalidade, tendência e intervenção. Para a análise, foram considerados modelos de séries temporais com e sem a presença de intervenção. Os dados referem-se à vazão (m³/s) da Barragem de Furnas - MG, coletada diariamente no período de janeiro de 1963 a dezembro de 1994. Foi realizada uma média mensal dos dados, em que cada média representa uma observação, num total de 372. Observou-se que a série de vazão fica bem ajustada utilizando modelos sazonais e a incorporação do parâmetro de intervenção forneceu informações complementares na análise.

Fil: Lazzaroni, Sandra María Sol. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química; Argentina. | Se ha desarrollado un queso untable con colesterol reducido, conservando la grasa láctea. Además es vehículo de microorganismos probióticos y de nutrientes esenciales (minerales, calcio; y proteínas de alto valor biológico, seroproteínas lácteas) | Have been developed a cholesterol-reduced spread cheese, retaining milk fat. It is also vehicle of probiotic and essential nutrients (minerals such as calcium, and protein of high biological value as milk serum proteins). | Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas