揭示不同密度型高产品种玉米叶片光合特性及施肥对光合特性的影响。采用田间试验以具有高产潜力的玉米品种郑单958和东单90为材料,研究了不同施肥条件下高产玉米品种生育后期穗位叶光合生理特性的影响。结果表明：随着生育期的推进,光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Cond）降低,胞间CO2（Ci）浓度升高,叶绿素含量（SPAD值）和可溶性蛋白则呈先升高后降低的趋势;NPK处理下各测定时期两品种玉米的产量、光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Cond）、叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量均最高;其中东单90品种各光合生理参数均比郑单958高。施氮肥能延缓叶片衰老,提高光合速率,施钾肥明显提高CO2传输能力。NPK施肥能促进Pn提高是由于有较强的CO2传输能力和CO2同化能力综合作用的结果。 | The photosynthetic characteristics of the high-yield maize varieties in different density and the effect of feritlizer on photosynthetic characteristics were revealed.Based on the maize of high-yield-variety ZD958 and DD90,the effects of different fertilizations on photosynthetic physiological characteristics in leaves on ear positon of maize at late stage were studied.Results showed that photosynthetic rate（Pn）,stomatal conductance（Cond） decreased whereas intercellular CO2 concentration（Ci） increased,the chlorophyll contents（SPAD value） and soluble protein contents increased firstly then decreased with growth stage.Under the treatment of NPK,the yield,Pn,Cond,SPAD value and soluble protein contents at the heading stage,filling stage and maturity stage were all the highest.DD90 of parameters of photosynthesis were higher than ZD958,but there were no significant differences on yields.Nitrogen could delay leaf senescence and increase the Pn,Potassium could significantly improve the ability to transmission CO2.Applications of nitrogen,phosphorus and postassium could improve Pn that was due to the relative improved coordination among the conductance of CO2 at air phase and liquid phase.

为筛选适宜辽西北风沙半干旱地区栽培的紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）品种,于2007年采用随机区组法设计,对30个国内外紫花苜蓿品种的生产性能进行了比较研究。结果表明：不同苜蓿品种间返青期差异较大,最多相差22 d,其中甘农3号（Gannong No.3）返青最早,其次为公农1号（Gongnong No.1）、敖汉（Aohan）和甘农1号（Gannong No.1）,国内品种普遍返青早于国外品种;抗寒性方面,国内品种强于国外品种,具有较高的越冬率;5个入选生产性能因子中,分枝数和越冬率决定苜蓿的鲜草和青干草产量,在晾制青干草过程中,还受到主枝侧枝数的较大影响。综合评价参试品种的生产性能,以公农1号、保丰（Baofeng）、甘农3号、陇东（Longdong）、德福（Defy）、皇冠（Phabulous）、爱菲尼特（Affinity）7个品种表现最佳,具有较强的分枝能力和较高的株高,适宜该地区推广种植。[著者文摘] | In order to select the suitable alfalfa varieties for the sandy and semi-drought areas of northwest Liaoning province,the production performances of thirty alfalfa varieties were evaluated by this study with a randomized block design.The results show that there were significant differences in the reviving stage and the most discrepancy reached to twenty-two days.Gannong No.3 was the earliest one,Gongnong No.1,Aohan and Gannong No.1 followed,a majority of domestic varieties revived earlier than introduced varieties.Most domestic varieties were better than introduced varieties in cold resistance and had higher overwinter rates.Among the five selected factors,the ramification number and overwinter rate determined the alfalfa fresh and dry forage yield;moreover,the branch number per stem also had a greater influence on the dry forage production.According to the integrated appraise on the production performance of tested varieties,Gongnong No.1,Baofeng,Gannong No.3,Longdong,Defu,Phabulous,and Affinity were optimum for the extended planting in this area due to their relatively better branching capability and higher plant height.[著者文摘]

对比分析紫色土区不同农林复合模式的结构功能特征和生态经济效益。采用能值分析理论和方法，以当地梨树林地及其林下不同作物形成的农林复合生态系统为研究对象，对紫色土区梨树-油菜-玉米(M1)、梨树-油菜-花生(M2)、梨树-小麦-玉米(M3)和梨树-小麦-甘薯(M4) 4种农林复合模式的能值投入产出进行比较。M1、M2、M3和M4 4种农林复合模式的能投结构相似，均以消耗不可更新资源为主，劳力和化肥能值占主导地位。M1模式的生产效率最高，产品在价格竞争上最有优势，独自发展能力最强；M4模式对自然可更新资源利用程度最低，自然环境负荷程度最小，能值可持续性指标最大；M2和M3模式的净能值产出率和能值自给率相近，但M2模式对环境压力小，更具有发展潜力。紫色土区农林复合生态系统的科技水平低下，应加大有机能投入。梨树-油菜-玉米模式是当前最优的一种模式，梨树-小麦-甘薯模式最具发展潜力。 | This study was to make a comparative analysis of structure and function characteristics and ecological and economic benefits on different agroforestry models in purple soil area. The agroforestry ecosystem, formed by pear forest and different crops planted under the local forest, was taken as the research objective. Energy analysis method was used to compare the energy input and output of pear-rapeseed-corn system (model 1), pear-rapeseed-peanut system (model 2)，pear-wheat-corn system (model 3) and pear-wheat-sweet potato system (model 4). The results showed that the energy input structure in four agroforestry models were similar. The investment of nonrenewable energy took a main proportion in the systems. The human labor energy and the fertilizer energy played dominant roles. The pear-rapeseed-corn system (model 1) had the highest production efficiency, the most advantageous in price-competition, and the most powerful self-development. The pear-wheat-sweet potato system (model 4) had the lowest renewable resource utilization, the smallest environment load ratio and the biggest energy sustainable indices. The net energy yield ratio and energy self-support ratio of the pear-rapeseed-peanut system (model 2) were close to the pear-wheat-corn system (model 3). However, the pear-rapeseed-peanut system (model 2) had higher development potential because of its lower environment pressure. The science and technology level of the agroforestry ecosystem in purple soil area was lower. The input of the organic manure should be raised. The pear-rapeseed-corn system (model 1) was the best model at present and the pear-wheat-sweet potato system (model 4) was the most potential model for development.

经过2006-2008年为期3年在硒钴缺乏的河南省郑州市黄河滩区苜蓿（Medicago sativaL.）草地上基施硒钴配合肥料,研究对其生产性能的影响,以期改善苜蓿生长环境和提高苜蓿产量和品质。结果表明,硒钴配合基施均能够显著提高现蕾到开花期苜蓿叶面积指数和净光合能力（P〈0.05）,提高苜蓿单位叶面积生产干物质的速率,有利于苜蓿的花前青干草生产;在4种硒钴配施肥中,以硒量570 g/hm2、钴量762 g/hm2配施效果最显著,2年内牧草平均增产8.0%（P〈0.05）,种子的千粒重提高了12.5%（P〈0.01）,耕作层地下生物量提高了4.6%。[著者文摘] | The aim of this research was to promote forage production in soils insufficient in selenium（Se） and cobalt（Co） by basal dressing of Se-Co combined fertilizers in alfalfa（Medicago sativa L.） grassland.An experiment was conducted in Yellow River beach areas for 3 years from 2006 to 2008 and the effect of Se-Co combined fertilizer on the productive performances of alfalfa was evaluated in order to improve the growing environment and enhance the forage yield and quality of alfalfa.The results show that basal dressing of Se-Co combined fertilizer increased the net photosynthetic efficiency,decreased the plant respiration loss,and enhanced the production rate of dry matter from budding to flowering stage in favor of the alfalfa hay production before flowering stage.Among the 4 combined fertilizers,the application rates of Se at 570 g・hm-2 and Co at 765 g・hm-2 had best effects on forage production,forage yield,1000-grain weight,and underground biomass in soil depth of 0-20 cm which were increased by 8.0%（P0.05）,12.5%（P0.01）,and 1 4.6% within two years,respectively.[著者文摘]

以北方超级稻铁粳7号和沈农265为试材,分析了不同氮素水平对群体物质生产及氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:与当地施纯氮量210kg•hm-2相比,降低30%的氮素水平(147kg•hm-2)未造成铁粳7号和沈农265的产量显著下降,从抽穗期至成熟期两品种的叶、茎鞘干物质输出率和对产量贡献率下降,而穗干物质增量呈现增加趋势,表明该氮素水平可以促进营养器官光合同化产物对生殖器官的直接供应能力;降低30%氮素水平下铁粳7号和沈农265的氮素分配比例都表现出穗部积累优势,氮素收获指数、生理利用率、农学利用率、偏生产力分别增高6.3%、15.8%、3.8%、25.4%和5.8%、25.2%、1.7%、23.2%,而总吸氮量、氮素回收率分别降低14.0%、11.1%和8.4%、9.7%。可见当地施氮素量偏高,在不明显降低产量的前提下降低施氮量,可以提高氮素转化为经济产量的能力,避免水稻植株"奢侈"耗氮,有益于氮素利用率和产谷效率的协同作用,提高经济效益。 | The super rice varieties of ’Tiejing 7’ and ’Shennong 265’ were used to study the matter production,yield and N use efficiency under different nitrogen application levels.The results showed that nitrogen level decreased by 30%(147kg•hm-2)compared to local nitrogen application 210kg•hm-2 did not reduce the yield significantly.The output rate of dry matters of leaf,stem and sheath of ’Tiejing 7’ and ’Shennong 265’ and contribution rate to yield had dropped,but the dry matter accumulation of ear showed an increasing trend from heading stage to maturation stage under nitrogen level decreased by 30%.The nitrogen level could promote the direct supply capacity of photosynthetic product from vegetative organs to reproductive organs.The distribution rate of nitrogen of two varieties showed advantage of ear accumulation under nitrogen level decreased by 30%.The nitrogen harvest index,physical efficiency,agronomic efficiency,partial productivity increased 6.3%,15.8%,3.8%,25.4% and 5.8%,25.2%,1.7%,23.2%,while the total nitrogen accumulation and apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency decreased 14.0%,11.1% and 8.4%,9.7% respectively.The result indicated that local nitrogen application was higher at present.It was obviously proved that decreasing nitrogen application which did not reduce the yield significantly could improve the capability the nitrogen changing into economic yield and reduce the rice plant "luxury" nitrogen consumption.It would be good to balance the N use efficiency and seed setting rate and to enhance the economic efficiency.

【目的】研究不同供水吸力即不同土壤水分对温室黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.）生长发育的影响,确定黄瓜不同生育期对水分的需求,为温室黄瓜灌溉决策提供理论依据。【方法】采用负水头供水控水盆栽装置,通过设定装置不同的供水吸力（WST）来持续稳定控制不同的土壤含水率,分析各供水吸力处理的黄瓜叶片光合、产量与水分利用效率的差异。【结果】负水头供水控水盆栽装置能通过调节供水吸力持续稳定控制土壤不同含水率;黄瓜植株在3―5 kPa供水吸力范围内产量与商品瓜率最高,叶片净光合速率、干物质积累量也较高;3―13 kPa处理范围内的黄瓜水分利用效率差异不明显,最高为7 kPa处理的36.57,1 kPa处理的黄瓜水分利用效率最低,与其它处理差异显著,表明对黄瓜各生育期进行分期水分调控才能显著提高水分利用效率;试验结果还表明,黄瓜随着生育进程需水量越来越大,供水不足会导致生长点枯死而停止生长,影响黄瓜产量与商品瓜率,黄瓜采收后期适当加大水分供应可以增加采收后期产量。【结论】3―5 kPa的供水吸力较适合温室黄瓜的生长,此时土壤相对含水量为67%―81%;适当降低黄瓜苗期土壤水分、控制花期土壤水分和增加结果期土壤水分能进一步提高产量与水分利用效率。 | 【Objective】 The effects of different water supply tension(WST) that is different soil moisture on the growth and development of greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were studied. The demand of water at different growth stages of greenhouse cucumber was determined to provide a theoretical basis for the irrigation decision-making. 【Method】 A negative pressure water supplying and controlling pot device was used to control different soil water contents by setting the WST of the device at different values. The differences in photosynthetic rate, yield and water use efficiency(WUE) of cucumber under different WST were analyzed. 【Result】 The results showed that the negative pressure water supplying and controlling pot device can maintain soil water content in a enactment state by setting the WST. The leaf photosynthetic rate, biomass accumulation as well as yield and marketable fruit rate of cucumber were much higher at 3-5 kPa WST treatments, the highest WUE 36.57 appeared in WST of 7 kPa and a significant lower WUE was observed in WST of 1 kPa, differences in WUE for other 6 WST were not significant. The result shows that WUE can only by improved by control water supply at different growth stages of cucumber. The result also indicates that the water demand increase with the growing process. The growth will be restricted and yield will be reduced with the shortage of water supply, increase the yield at terminal fruiting stage can be obtained by increasing soil water content at fruiting stage of cucumber. 【Conclusion】 The above results indicate that the range of WST from 3-5 kPa are more suitable for greenhouse cucumber growth when the relative soil water content ranges from 67% to 81%. Reduce water supply at seedling stage, control water supply at flowering stage and increase water supply at fruiting stage of cucumber can increase yield and WUE.

探讨染料木素对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能、鸡蛋品质和蛋黄抗氧化指标的影响。采用单因子设计,将450只490日龄罗曼蛋鸡随机分为3组，每组3个重复，每个重复50只。Ⅰ(对照)、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组日粮中分别添加0, 500和1 000 mg/kg染料木素，每日记录各组蛋鸡的产蛋量和蛋质量，每周统计1次采食量和料蛋比，计算产蛋率。587日龄时，从每组随机取6枚鸡蛋，测定蛋形指数、蛋比重、蛋壳相对质量、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、哈夫单位及蛋黄中染料木素、维生素A、维生素E和丙二醛(MDA)的含量。与Ⅰ组相比，Ⅲ组蛋鸡采食量和产蛋率显著提高(P＜0.05)，料蛋比显著降低(P＜0.05)；蛋质量、蛋形指数和蛋比重差异均不显著(P＞0.05)，蛋壳相对质量、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度和哈夫单位显著提高(P＜0.05)；蛋黄中染料木素含量显著提高(P＜0.05)，MDA含量显著降低(P＜0.05)，维生素A和维生素E含量差异不显著(P＞0.05)。Ⅱ组蛋鸡除蛋壳强度外，其余指标均与Ⅰ组差异不显著。在产蛋后期蛋鸡日粮中添加染料木素，可提高蛋鸡的产蛋性能及鸡蛋的品质和抗氧化能力。 | The effect of genistein on performance, egg quality and antioxidant status in postpeak hens was conducted. The experiment was a one-factorial design. A total of four hundred and fifty 490-d-old roman hens were randomly divided into 3 groups (150 in each group, 50 for each duplicate). The birds of the groups Ⅰto Ⅲ were fed with the same basal diet with supplemental levels of 0, 500 and 1 000 mg/kg genistein respectively, for 490 to 587 days. Egg production and egg weights were recorded daily, whereas feed consumptions were measured weekly. At the end of 587 d, six eggs from each treatment were selected. Egg shape index, specific gravity, relative eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, eggshell strength and Haugh unit were estimated. Egg yolk genistein, vitamin A, vitamin E and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also estimated. Compared with the birds of group Ⅰ, the feed intake and laying rate increased significantly (P＜0.05) and feed conversion decreased significantly (P＜0.05) in groups Ⅲ. There was no difference in egg weight, egg shape index and specific gravity (P＞0.05). The relative eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, eggshell strength and Haugh unit increased significantly (P＜0.05). Egg yolk genistein level increased significantly (P＜0.05), MDA level decreased significantly (P＜0.05), and vitamin A and vitamin E levels had no difference. In addition to eggshell strength, there was no difference in all the other index in group Ⅱ (P0.05). Genistein supplementation in diet of postpeak hens increased laying performance, egg quality and antioxidant status.

【目的】非水力根信号（non-hydraulic root signal,nHRS）特征在判别植物的干旱适应能力上具有重要意义,研究其与作物生长和产量性状的关系可为抗旱节水农业提供理论支持。【方法】采用盆栽试验,分别于大豆分枝期、始花期和鼓粒期,在土壤渐旱过程中跟踪测定两个大豆供试品种（晋大74和晋豆24）的nHRS特征;测量其在高土壤水分[2007年的高水处理（H）和2008年的充分供水（WW）,对照]及干旱胁迫[2007年的低水处理（L）,及2008年的轻度干旱（LD）和严重干旱（SD）]处理下收获时的根冠生物量及籽粒产量。【结果】在分枝期,晋大74出现nHRS时的土壤含水量阈值低于晋豆24,在始花期和鼓粒期,则高于晋豆24;在上述3个生育期内nHRS结束时的土壤含水量阈值均以晋大74为高;晋豆24 nHRS的平均阈值宽度为田间持水量的9.3%,较晋大74（田间持水量的8.1%）要宽。干旱胁迫可显著降低（P＜0.05）两品种地上部、地下部干物质重和籽粒产量,且晋大74的降幅大于晋豆24;晋豆24的稳产性高于晋大74;两品种根冠比在较严重的干旱（L和SD）条件下显著提高（P＜0.05）,且晋豆24增幅较大;干旱胁迫条件下,晋豆24的水分利用效率（WUE）显著高于晋大74。【结论】在轻度干旱条件下,产量和WUE较高的晋豆24有较低的根冠比和较好的稳产性可能与非水力根信号土壤含水量阈值范围较宽有关。 | 【Objective】 To clarify the correlations of drought-induced non-hydraulic root signals (nHRS) with plant growth and grain yield formation could provide a mechanism basis for water-saving agriculture. 【Method】 Pot experiments were conducted with two soybean cultivars, i.e, Jinda 74 and Jin 24. nHRS were traced during manipulative progressive soil drying period at branching, early flowering and grain-filling stages. The effect of water deficit on plant biomass and grain yields of the cultivars were investigated under good soil conditions, high water (H) treatment in 2007 and well-watered (WW) in 2008 experiment, and drought conditions, low water (L) treatment in 2007 as well as light drought (LD) and severe drought (SD) in 2008. 【Result】 In response to soil drying, nHRS appeared earlier in Jinda 74 at branching stage, and later at early flowering and grain-filling stages than in Jin 24, while it disappeared earlier for Jinda 74 than Jin 24 at all the three growth stages. Jin 24 exhibited a wider average soil water content threshold range of nHRS (TR). Drought stress (both LD and SD treatments) significantly decreased the above-ground dry mass, root dry mass and grain yield (P＜0.05), more dramatically for Jinda 74 than Jin 24 which showed a higher maintenance rate of grain yield than the former. The root/shoot ratio was significantly promoted (P＜0.05) under severe drought conditions, i.e., L and SD treatment, more extensively for Jin 24 than Jinda 74. Water use efficiency (WUE) was notably higher (P＜0.05) in Jin 24 than Jinda 74 under drought conditions in both experiments in 2007 and 2008. 【Conclusion】 Soybean cultivar of wider soil water content threshold range for nHRS yielded more, and exhibited lower root/shoot ratio but higher WUE and maintenance rate of grain yield under mild water deficit in pot-cultured condition.

【目的】研究矮化育种以来华南地区常规籼稻品种产量与株型性状的改良及其关系,为进一步提高品种产量潜力探索新的突破方向。【方法】以华南地区自矮化育种以来育成推广的65个主要栽培品种为试验材料,通过在相同生态和栽培条件下的栽培试验,研究不同年份育成品种产量和株型性状的演变,将植株形态性状与产量性状进行相关分析,并将几个主要产量性状与产量进行通径分析。【结果】从矮化育种开始,华南地区常规籼稻品种产量水平不断提高,至20世纪80年代中期达到最高水平,随后产量水平处于停滞状态,直到2000年又开始形成上升趋势。品种株高随育成年份缓慢上升,但上升幅度不大;在叶形性状中,上三叶长和上三叶宽未有明显变化,但上三叶基角和上三叶曲率则有较显著的改良;穗粒性状中单株穗数和结实率逐渐降低,一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数和每穗粒数则呈线性增加,千粒重呈阶梯式下降;单株库容量、单株生物产量和单株产量表现为20世纪50年代至80年代中后期显著上升,随后上升趋势停滞。【结论】自矮化育种以来,华南地区常规籼稻品种产量水平显著提高,但自20世纪80年代中后期开始未能取得进一步突破。在株型性状的遗传改良方面,叶片形态性状改良显著,品种由大粒穗数型向小粒大穗型演进。今后品种改良的重点是通过株型改良提高库容量。 | 【Objective】 Cultivar yield improvement and plant-type traits development since the beginning of rice dwarfing breeding and their relationship were analyzed in order to search the strategies for continuously improving the yield potential of inbred indica rice in South China. 【Method】 Sixty-five leading cultivars released during 1957 to 2005, which were widely planted in South China, were used as experimental materials. Based on the field experiment under the same ecological and cultivation conditions, the evolution characteristics of yield and plant-type traits were analyzed, and correlation analysis and path analysis were used for detecting the relationship between yield improvement and plant-type traits development. 【Result】 Since the beginning of rice dwarfing breeding, the yield of inbred indica rice cultivars released in South China was improved continually, and it got to a summit in late 1980s, and then showed a downtrend until a new increasing trend began in 2000. Regression analysis result indicated that the plant height slowly increased during the course of cultivar evolution, but the extent was narrow. For leaf-morphologic traits, the length and width of top three leaves nearly had no change, but the angle and curvature of top three leaves decreased and had been improved significantly. Among the panicle-grain traits, the primary branch number, secondary branch number and number of spikelets per panicle increased gradually, but the panicle number per plant and seed setting rate declined and 1000-grain-weight decreased stepwise. The sink size per plant, biomass per plant and grain yield per plant increased significantly until the late 1980s,and then maintained on the plateau in the next tweenty years. 【Conclusion】 Yield level of inbred indica rice in South China has remarkably increased since the beginning of rice dwarfing breeding in 1950s, but stagnated in the past twenty years. The plant-type traits have been improved observably. It had been a main way of cultivar development that bred panicle-weight type cultivars for replacing gradually panicle-number type cultivars. In the next stage, the major approach of rice cultivar development in South China should be the increasing of sink size based on development of plant types.

在推进现代甘蔗产业过程中，有效防控甘蔗病虫害是“双高”甘蔗栽培技术的一个重要环节。目前世界上已发现的甘蔗病害有120种以上，甘蔗害虫上百种，不同国家、不同蔗区甘蔗病虫害种类不同，病菌生理小种、病毒株系也不相同，而许多重要的甘蔗病虫害都是通过种苗传播的。提高对潜在的检疫性甘蔗有害生物认识，有效地阻止危险性病虫随种苗传播蔓延，增强减灾防灾能力，对确保甘蔗品种质量和甘蔗生产安全，促进甘蔗种植业和蔗糖产业持续稳定健康发展具有重要意义。本文重点介绍了几种潜在的检疫性甘蔗有害生物，并提出了相应的防控对策。[著者文摘] | With development of modern sugarcane industry, effective control measures of diseases and insect pests play important roles in the ＂high yield and high sugar＂ cultivation technology. More than 120 kinds of diseases, hundreds of pests on sugarcane have been found in the world today, different physiologic races and virus strains in different countries and regions as well as many important diseases and pests are transmitted by sugarcane seedlings. So improving understanding of the potential quarantine sugarcane pests, effectively preventing the spread of dan- gerous diseases and enhancing ability of disaster reduction and mitigation have great significance in quality of sug- arcane varieties, production safety, promotion of sustainable and healthy development of sugarcane planting and sugar industry. Several potential quarantine pests of sugarcane were introduced in this paper. The control measures were also suggested.[著者文摘]