我们对3个含有黄绿叶色标记的香型籼稻不育系黄标1A、黄标2A、黄标3A和正常绿叶不育系Ⅱ-32A、G46A的形态特征及开花习性进行了调查分析。结果表明：黄标1A、黄标2A、黄标3A不育系同正常叶色不育系Ⅱ-32A、G46A的叶色差异显著,易肉眼识别,其外部形态特征为植株叶片及颖壳呈黄绿色,黄标A株系株高（41.5～56.5cm）比Ⅱ-32A（59.5cm）、G46A（60.4cm）要矮,以黄标3A的播始期85d比Ⅱ-32A短8d、比G46A长7d,穗长、穗平着粒与Ⅱ-32A、G46A相当,千粒重比Ⅱ-32A、G46A高出1.8g和1.47g,其中颖尖、叶鞘、叶耳及叶片边缘呈紫红色。黄标1A、黄标2A、黄标3A不育系的柱头外露率、张颖角度都高于Ⅱ-32A和G46A,柱头生活力供试不育系间存在着生理功能的差异。包颈长度Ⅱ-32A最长,黄标1A、黄标2A、黄标3A与G46A相当;半包颈长度黄标1A、黄标2A和黄标3A相当（3.0～3.5cm）、而Ⅱ-32A最长（5.0cm）、G46A次之（4.5cm）。黄标1A、黄标2A、黄标3A不育系的开花动态相似,曲线呈双峰型,开花高峰为开花后的第2～5天,与Ⅱ-32A的开花动态相似,但Ⅱ-32A有明显的低谷,而G46A曲线呈单峰型。不同不育系所开的颖花数并不一样,以开花第8天统计开花数以黄标2A最多,其次是黄标3A,黄标1A和对照Ⅱ-32A开花数相同,而G46A到第8天开花结束。黄标1A、黄标2A的开花盛期与Ⅱ-32A一致,为开花后第5天,而黄标3A与G46A一致,为4d。参试不育系每天上午10：00时初花、11：00～12：30时为开花盛期,只有G46A表现出迟花特性。[著者文摘] | In this research, we had investigated the morphological characters and flowering habits of three sterile lines of aromatic indica rice with yellow green leaf marker, Huangbiao 1 A, Huangbiao 2A and Huangbiao 3A, the normal sterile lines, Ⅱ -32A and G46A, were employed to be as references. The results showed that the tested three lines have a definitely difference in the color of leaves easily distinguished with eyes comparing to the references,. The typical characters of tested lines would be the color of yellow green like leaves and glumes, and beak of glume, leaf sheath leaf auricle and edge of leaves presented in the colour of prunosus. The plant height of Huangbiao A lines are in the range of 41.5 cm to 56.5 cm, which is quite shorter than that of references, the height of the later Ⅱ-32A and G46A are 59.5 cm and 60.4 cm, respectively. The duration from sowing to initial flowering of Huangbiao 3A was about 85 days, which shorten 8 days than that of Ⅱ-32A, while extended 7 days than that of G46A. The length of panicle and setting of the spikelet ofHuangbiao 3A would be quite the similar as that of Ⅱ -32A and G46A, and weight of 1 000 grains has 1.8 gram and 1.47 gram much more heavy than that of Ⅱ-32A and G46A, respectively. The rate of stigma extrusion and opening glume angle of three tested lines were higher than t hat of Ⅱ -32A and G46A, and there is much difference of stigma vigor in the physiological functions among tested lines. The longest length of wrapping panicle neck would be the Ⅱ-32A, and that of tested lines are quite similar with G46A, as well as the length of partly wrapping panicle neck of Ⅱ-32A and G46A are 5.0 cm and 4.5 era, respectively, and that of the tested lines are similarly from 3.0 cm to 3.5 cm. Flowering dynamic status of tested lines were presented as curve with two peaks comparing with that of Ⅱ-32A being curve with deep valley and that of G46A being curve with single peak, which the flowering peak usually appeared at the second day and fifth day after initial flowering day. There are an obviously difference in the flowering mumbers of spikelet among the testedlines and references, the results showed that the line of Huangbiao 1A had much more flowering spikelets than that of Huangbiao 3A based on the statistic data after eighth flowering day, and that of the Huangbiao 1A was the same as Ⅱ -32A, and that of G46A was close to flowering at the eighth day. The flowering peak of Huangbiao 1A and Huangbiao 2A were appeared at the fifth day after the initial flowering day that is consistent with Ⅱ -32A. And that Huangbiao 3A is following with G46A, the flowering peak appeared at the fourth day. It is easily observed that the initial time of daily flowering is about ten o＇clock in the morning and fully blooming about from eleven thirty to twelve at the noon, whereas the G46A has the delaying character of flowering.

蛋白质含量是评价稻米品质的一项重要指标，控制水稻糙米蛋白质含量的基因位点是数量性状，检测水稻糙米蛋白质含量的QTL并进行遗传效应分析对于水稻品质遗传育种具有重要的意义。本研究以中优早／丰锦重组自交系群体作为定位群体，结合构建的遗传连锁图谱利用Windows QTL Cartogtapher2．0软件，采用复合区间作图法对水稻糙米蛋白质含量进行QTL定位和效应分析。检测到控制糙米蛋白质含量的QTL6个（qPc-3、qPc-6、qPc-7、qPc-8―1、qPc-8―2和qPc-11），分别位于第3、6、7、8和11连锁群上。单个QTL对群体表型变异的贡献率为3．79％～19．41％，联合贡献率为61．07％。在这些QTL的区间中，第8染色体的qPc-8-J基因区域对糙米蛋白质含量具有主效作用。进一步分析和比较了相关研究结果，讨论了研究结果对开展稻米品质遗传育种的意义。[著者文摘] | Protein content is important traits in evaluation of nutrient quality of rice. Most of crop traits are quantitative in nature, which are controlled by polygene. It＇s very important for rice nutrient quality breeding improvement to map QTLs of brown rice protein content. The objective of this study was to identify QTLs conditioning brown rice protein content using a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population derived from a cross between Zhongyouzao and Fengjin and its genetic linkage map by the composite interval mapping （CIM） of Windows QTL Cartographer 2.0 six QTLs （qPc-3, qPc-6, qPc-7, qPc-8-1, qPc-8-2 and qPc-11） showing significant additive effects for brown rice protein content were detected respectively. The six QTLs for brown rice protein content collectively explained 61.07% of the phenotypic variance, with the variance explained by a single QTL ranged from 3.79% to 19.41%. QTLs located in the vicinity of marker OSR34 on chromosome 8 displayed a major effect for protein content. Utilization of the QTL mapping on marker assisted selection for the improvement of grain quality in rice was also discussed.

Field assessment of 10 white cotton lines/varieties for jassid resistance was conducted at National Corn and Sorghum Research Center, Pakchong, Nakhon Ratchasima Province during July 2007 to January 2008. The experiment was arranged as randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The results showed that the cotton line Ca 324 x SRT 1 no. 147-149 had low infested population of jassid throughout the growing season which were not significantly different from that of SRT 1, the resistant control variety. By ranking cotton lines according to the number of jassid infestation and rating scale of hopperburn symptom caused by jassid infestation, it was shown that both Ca 324 x SRT 1 no. 147-149 and SRT 1 had low jassid infestation and also low rating scale of hopperburn symptom. Moreover, the leaf hair density of Ca 324 x SRT 1 no. 147-149 was not significantly different from that of SRT 1 which is a hairy leaf variety. There was also a significant negative relationship between leaf hair density and jassid infestation. The results indicated that the cotton line Ca 324 x SRT 1 no. 147-149 has a high potential of jassid resistance and can be further-developed to be a new jassid resistant variety.

Two experiments of weed control in sweet corn and field corn were carried out at the National Corn and Sorghum Research Center, during April-July 2007. The experiments were conducted to determine efficiency of herbicides and theirs effect on corn yield and yield components. Both experiments laid out in RCBD with 3 replications of 10 treatments. The first experiment, pre-emergence herbicidesatrazine, alachlor, pendimethalin, isoxaflutole, dimethenamid, atrazine+ alachlor, atrazine+pendimethalin and isoxaflutole+pendimethalin were applied to sweet and field corn. The second experiment, post-emergence herbicidesparaquat, 2,4-D (DMA-6), 2,4-D (red elephant), 2,4-D+paraquat, glufosinate, fluroxypyr, glyphosate and halosulfuron were applied to sweet corn and field corn compared to hand weeding and non-weeding. The results revealed that the major weed species were purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus), paint spurge (Euphorbia heterophylla), dayflower (Commelina benghalensis), itchgrass (Rottboelia cochinchinensis), and goosegrass (Eleusine indica). The application of pendimethalin, atrazine+pendimethalin and isoxaflutole+pendimethalin as pre-emergence herbicide had lowest number of itchgrass. Dimethenamid gave good overall weed control visually both in sweet corn and field corn 88 and 92 percent, respectively. The application of 2,4-D (DMA-6), 2,4-D (red elephant), 2,4-D (DMA-6)+paraquat, glufosinate, fluroxypyr, glyphosate, and halosulfuron as post-emergence herbicide showed good to very good weed control better than atrazine+pendimethalin as pre-emergence 75 percent. All treatment herbicides did not affected on yield and yield components of sweet corn and field corn.

Assessment of zinc (Zn) phytoavailability by the newly developed technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) has started gaining more importance because of some advantages over routine soil extractants. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine Zn phytotoxicity thresholds and the phytoavailability of Zn to sorghum sudan (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanese) grass by DGT, compared with calcium chloride (CaCl2) extraction. Treatments were five Zn levels and two soil pH (6.5 and 6). To obtain various amounts of Zn phytoavailability, soils having two different pH values were amended with zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) at rates of 0, 150, 300, 600, and 1200 mg Zn kg-1. Control soil (pH = 6.5) was treated with predetermined elemental sulfur to create different soil pH values (6). Shoot and root Zn concentrations ranged from 27 to 827 mg kg-1 and 101 to 2858 mg kg-1, respectively. In general, the Zn concentrations in shoots and roots were increased by increasing Zn concentrations and soil pH. Increasing applied Zn to soil decreased the plant biomass yield and increased adsorption of Zn by DGT. Calcium (Ca) to Zn ratios for all treatments except controls were <26 for shoots and <13 for roots. The CaCl2-extractable Zn and effective concentration (CE) correlated well with plant Zn concentration. A critical shoot Zn concentration for 90% of the control yield was chosen as an indicator of Zn toxicity. The performance of DGT, CaCl2 extraction, Ca/Zn ratio and plant Zn concentrations were similar for assessing Zn phytoavailability.

Study of inheritance of color lint genes in cotton (Gossypuim sp.), by using 2 white lint cultivars, Takfa 2 and Kaset 2, 3 brown lints cultivars were B624, B651 and New Hairy Brown and 1 green lint cultivar. Green as parental for crossing. Used white lint cotton was female parent, brown and green lint cotton were male parent. The F1 hybrid seeds were grown for selfing and the F1 hybrid cross seeds and F2 hybrid seeds were harvested for test about counting number color lint from F2 hybrid cross plants to compare the ratio among white lint cottons with brown lint cottons and white lint cottons with green lint cottons, that followed Mendel's law of segregation. And using statical analyses by Chi-square test. The result showed that the phenotype ratio of F2 hybrid between cotton plants with white lint and green lint was not 1:3 which was not agreeable with Mandel's law of segregation. On the other hand, the phenotype ratio of F2 hybrid cross between cotton plants with white lint and brown lint was 1:3 which was agreeable with Mendel's law of segregation where the dominant gene had completely dominated over the recessive gene.

The experiment was conducted in laboratory and greenhouse conditions to determine the effect of sweet corn seed coating technique using various sticker agents combined with 3-antagonistic bacterial strains, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KPS46, Pseudomonas fluorescens SP007s and Serratia marcescens Spt360 under different storage conditions. The percentage of seed germination and seedling vigor of sweet corn cv. insee2 was evaluated at 15-day interval for 3 months using blotting and pot bioasssay. Coated seed treatment with different sticker agents including carboxy methyl cellulose, Tween80 and TensionT7 exhibited lower percentage of seed germination and seedling vigor (shoot and root length) than antagonistic bacteria coated seeds, except polyacrylate (PLA) and chitosan extract that showed highest percentage seed germination but not seedling vigor. To improve the efficacy of seed coating against Aspergillus flavus infection, seeds coated with each antagonistic bacteria PLA and chitosan combinations were assessed. PLA and chitosan combined with antagonist were better effective than antagonist alone. Seed coated with PLA + SPOO7S or chitosan + SPOO7S were significantly highest (P0.05) in enhanced seed germination and seedling vigor, where seed coated with PLA + KPS46 significantly reduced Aspergillus flavus incidence. None of these sticker agents showed negative effect on seed health and survival of benefit bacteria on seeds that indicated the advantage of improved efficacy of antagonism and PGPR. However, the storage temperature was important factor affecting survival and efficacy of antagonistic bacteria coated onto the seeds. Coated seed stored at room temperature showed a 2-4 fold decrease in bacterial density compared to coated seed stored at 10 deg C.

Sorghum anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum, is found in most grain sorghum producing areas in the U.S.A., including Arkansas. High incidences and severities of anthracnose are infrequent and often limited to portions of some Arkansas fields. However, sporadic epidemics have occurred over many hectares and grain yield losses have been severe on susceptible sorghum hybrids suggesting that better management strategies are needed to improve and maintain high sorghum yields. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of previous cropping history on grain sorghum yields and on the severity of sorghum anthracnose in several agricultural environments in Arkansas. Replicated field experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to evaluate sorghum following sorghum, sorghum following maize, sorghum following soybeans, and sorghum following rice on grain yields and anthracnose severity for 30 sorghum hybrids in 2005 and ten hybrids in 2006. The results show that the severity of anthracnose ranged from 0% to >23% and planting sorghum in fields one year after maize, soybeans, or rice appeared to significantly reduce the severity of sorghum anthracnose on most of the sorghum hybrids evaluated in both years. Although anthracnose severity varied across years in these experiments, the data show significant yield increases for most of the sorghum hybrids when sorghum was planted after rice, soybeans or maize, but not when sorghum was planted in the same field in which sorghum was grown in the previous year. Grain yields ranged from 0kgha^-^1 to more than 9500kgha^-^1. These results demonstrate that planting sorghum after sorghum significantly increases anthracnose on most hybrids, that planting sorghum after rice, maize or soybeans can successfully reduce sorghum anthracnose, and that the economic benefits (yields) of these cropping sequences are partially dependent upon the year, the severity of the disease and the hybrid. Other management strategies such as sanitation, elimination of alternative hosts and planting clean, healthy seed or seed treated with an appropriate fungicide, coupled with disease resistance should be helpful and perhaps sufficient to avoid or reduce serious losses from grain sorghum anthracnose.

Pure starches were isolated from white and red sorghum cultivated in Tidikelt, a hyper arid region situated in south Algeria. Amylose content, X-ray pattern and rheological properties of starches were examined. The amylose content in white sorghum starch (27.1%) was slightly higher than that in red sorghum (24.8%). The swelling power and the solubility behavior of both starches were nearly similar below 65 °C. At higher temperatures, starch isolated from the white sorghum cultivar showed higher swelling power and lower solubility index than pigmented sorghum starch. The pasting properties of starches determined by RVA, Rapid Visco Analyser showed different viscosity peaks. Red sorghum starch had a higher value (4731 cP) than white sorghum starch (4093 cP). For both sorghum, X-ray diffractograms exhibit an A-type diffraction pattern, typical of cereal starches and the relative degrees of crystallinity were estimated at 22.72% and 28.91%, respectively, for local white and red sorghum starch. DSC analysis revealed that sorghum starches present higher temperatures at the peak (70.60 and 72.28 °C for white and red sorghum starches, respectively) and lower gelatinization enthalpies (9.087 and 8.270 J/g for white and red sorghum starches, respectively) than other cereal starches. The results showed that physicochemical and functional properties of sorghum cultivar starches were influenced by the genotype and the environment.

Cookies were produced from different sorghum flours to determine their potential as vectors of antioxidants. Different sorghum cultivars and their flour extraction rates were evaluated for their effects on phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the cookies. Consumer acceptance of the sorghum cookies was compared with that of wheat flour cookies. For each sorghum cultivar, cookies of 100% extraction rate flours had two to three times more total phenolics compared with those of 70% extraction rate flours, while antioxidant activity was 22–90% higher. Cookies of the condensed tannin sorghum had two to five times more phenolics compared with those of condensed tannin-free sorghum. Antioxidant activity was 145–227 μMol Trolox equivalents (TE)/g in cookies of condensed tannin sorghum compared with 10–102 μMol TE/g in those of condensed tannin-free sorghum. The sorghum flours had slightly higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity values than their corresponding cookies. Cookies of the red tannin-free sorghum flours (PAN 8564/8446) were equally liked as wheat flour cookies, except for texture. However, cookies of condensed tannin sorghum were least accepted compared with wheat flour cookies despite their high antioxidant activity.