In view of balady bread in Egypt is considered as backbone in diets, accordingly, in this study wheat flour (82%) extraction treated by microwave at 2,4 and 6 minutes, that target to modify starch wheat flour by heating. The rheological properties were studied by using farinograph and extensograph apparatus. Falling number and amylose percent were determined. Balady bread samples were sensory evaluated and staling rate was evaluated. The wheat flour, crust and crumb layers of balady bread were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of farinograph indicated that, water absorption arrival time, dough development time and dough stability increased while dough weakening decreased in wheat flour treated by microwave compared with wheat flour untreated (control). The results of extensograph revealed that, dough extensibility, resistance to extension and dough energy increased while proportional number decreased in wheat flour treated by microwave compared with control. Falling number decreased while amylose percent increased when microwave treatment increased from 2 to 6 minutes. Sensory evaluation showed slight decrease in values of both color crust and color crumb while, values of both taste and flavor slightly increased but not significantly different, meanwhile, values of crumb distribution significantly increased in balady bread samples prepared from wheat flour treated by microwave compared with balady bread prepared from untreated wheat flour (control). Wheat flour treated by microwave led to delay staling of balady bread and imilorated freshness of balady bread. The examination by scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that average size of starch granules increased from 26.10 mm in untreated wheat flour (control) to 29.37 mm in treated wheat flour by microwave at 6 minutes.

The aim of this study was to use spreadsheet software (Excel) to solve linear programming models in formulating least cost rations of egg layers. The ingredients used are corn, wheat, soybean meal, barley, wheat bran, protein concentrate, limestone, salt, dicalcuim phosphate, vitamin and mineral premix, vegetable oil. Results showed that the starter optimum ration for layers from (0 – 6) weeks, consist of these ingredients (9.40, 26.91, 16.38, 38.71, 4.51, 0.95, 1.09, 0.25, 1.18, 0.25, 0.33)% respectively and from (6-12) week of (0, 73.43, 8.72, 0, 14.37, 0, 0.99, 0.25, 1.39, 0.25, 0.57) % respectively, from (12-18) week (0, 78.36, 6.17, 0, 12.02, 0, 1.44, 0.25, 0.87, 0.25, 0.61)% respectively, from (18 week - start of production) (0, 75.55, 13.85, 0, 3.81, 0, 4.25, 0.25, 1.16, 0.25, 0.86 )% respectively , and during productive period  from (0, 66.93, 10.62, 0,0, 9.09,9.01, 0.25, 3.82)% respectively, and the cost of these ration was 160.6, 130.70, 123.60, 145.22, 195.95) Iraqi Dinar/kg respectively. Results also show sensitivity report of allowable increase and decrease in ingredient cost and in constraint values and the shadow price.

Fresh Bolti fish (Tilpia nilotica) collected randomly from 9 different markets in Ismailia Governorate for evaluation the effect of grilled fish by the method used in grillrooms and houses on the concentration of pesticide residues found and the nutritive value.  Results revealed that decrease in the estimated parameters i.e. moisture, crude protein, fat and ash by grilling, this decrease were 6.07, 2.63, 4.07 and 1.56%, respectively. On the contrary, carbohydrates behaved another behavior that there was an obvious increase ranged from 1.98% to 2.92%. Fresh and grilled fish were analyzed to detect 12 organochlorine (OC) and 7 synthetic pyrethroid (SP) pesticides with a mean level on a lipid basis. Gas Liquid Chromatography equipped with Electron Capture Detector GC-ECD was used to detect the contamination in the samples. The results showed that p,p'-DDE  isomer was dominated over the other isomers in all analyzed fish samples, followed by a-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane. The concentrations of OC residues were higher than SP pesticides in all fish muscles. Also, the fresh fish muscle recorded higher concentrations of the evaluated pesticides than the grilled one.

The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between wheat yield cultivars (Sakha 93 and Giza 168) and antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities  under different soil water content i.e. low, moderate and high content by irrigation at 80% ETo (1280m³/fed.), by 100% ETo (1600m³/fed.) and120% ETo (1920m³/fed.), respectively. Two lysimeter experiments were carried out in two successive seasons i.e. 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 to estimate  wheat yield and one experiment in plastic bags carried out of the greenhouse to determine the antioxidant enzymes of 28 days wheat plant under three different soil water content i.e. providing wheat seedlings with aforementioned treatment.  Exposing wheat cultivars i.e. Giza 186 or Sakha 93 to water stress by irrigation at 80% ETo (1280 m³/fad.) exerted an increase in CAT, SOD, POD, APX and PAL over those irrigated at 100% ETo (1600 m³/fad.) or at 120% ETo (1920 m³/fad.), but the previous enzyme activities in the tissue of Saka 93 surpassed of that of Giza 168 cultivar. spike weight and weight of 100 grain/plant of Sakha 93 cultivar overcome that of Giza 168 at low soil moisture content (80% ETo), whereas opposite results were obtained at high and moderate water content (120% and 100% ETo) in the first growing season (2006/2007) and spike weight/plant in second growing season (2007/2008). There was a proportional relationship between increasing soil moisture content and grain yield/plant but the difference between moderate water content 100% ETo (1600 m³/fed.) and high water content 120% ETo (1920 m³/fed.) was not significant. Providing 28 days wheat plant with low water content, decreased wheat yield/plant and its attributes comparing with moderate water content for the two studied cultivars. The current study indicates that Sakha 93 cultivar was the most tolerant cultivar compared with Giza 168.

The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between wheat yield cultivars (Sakha 93 and Giza 168) and antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities under different soil water content i.e. low, moderate and high content by Irrination at 806/6 ETo (1280m'/fed.), by, 100% ETo (1600m'/fed.) and120% ETo (1920m'/fed.), respectively. Two lysimeter experiments were carried out in two successive seasons i.e. 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 to estimate wheat yield and one experiment in plastic bags carried out of the greenhouse to determine the antioxidant enzymes of 28 days wheat plant under three different soil water content i.e. providIng wheat seedlings with aforementioned treatment. Exposing wheat cuitivars i.e. Giza 186 or Sakha 93 to water stress by Irrigation at 80% ETo (1280 m3/fad.) exerted an increase in CAT, SOD, POD, APX and PAL over those irrigated at 100% ETo (1600 m'/fad.) or at 120% ETo (1920 m'/fad.), but the previous enzyme activities in the tissue of Saka.93 surpassed of that of Giza 168 cuitivar. spike weight and weight of 100 grain/plant of Sakha 93 cuitivar overcome that of Giza 168 at low soil moisture content (80% ETo), whereas opposite results were obtained at high and moderate water content (120% and 100% ETo) in the first growing season (2006/2007) and spike weight/plant in second growing season (2007/2008). There was a proportional relationship between increasing soil moisture content and grain yield/plant but the difference between moderate water content 100% ETo (1600 m'/fed.) and high water content 120% ETo (1920 m3/fed.) was not significant. Providing 28 days wheat plant with low water content, decreased wheat yield/plant and its attributes comparing with moderate water content for the two studied cuitivars. The current study indicates that Sakha 93 cultivar was the most tolerant cuitivar compared with Giza 168.

\{ In view of balady bread in Egypt is considered as backbone in diets, accordingly, in this study wheat flour (82%) extraction treated by microwave at 2,4 and 6 minutes, that target to modify starch wheat flour by heating. The rheological properties were studied by using farinograph and extensograph apparatus. Falling number and amylose percent were determined. Balady bread samples were sensory evaluated and staling rate was evaluated. The wheat flour, crust and crumb layers of balady bread were examined by scanning electron micro scope (SEM). The results of farinograph indicated that, water absorption arrival time, dough development time and dough stability increased while dough weakening decreased in wheat flour treated by microwave compared with wheat flour untreated (control). The results of extensograph revealed that, dough extensibility, resistance to extension and dough energy increased while proportional number decreased in wheat flour treated by microwave compared with control. Falling number decreased while amylose percent increased when microwave treatment increased from 2 to 6 minutes. Sensory evaluation showed slight decrease in values of both color crust and color crumb while, values of both taste and flavor slightly increased but not significantly different, meanwhile, values of crumb distribution significantly increased in balady bread samples prepared from wheat flour treated by microwave compared with balady bread prepared from untreated wheat flour (control). Wheat flour treated by microwave led to delay staling of balady bread and imilorated freshness of balady bread. The examination by scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that average size of starch granules increased from 26.10 µm in untreated wheat flour (control) to 29.37 µm in treated wheat flour by microwave at 6 minutes.

Recommended application was done by spray regime for two pesticides, namely diniconazole, fenitrothion and a plant growth regulator (gibberellic acid) and their mixtures. Their residues were determined after different successive treatments in and on grape fruits in two consecutive years. The initial deposits of the fungicide diniconazole when used alone were 0.49 and 0.50 ppm for 2006 and 2007, respectively. While the initial deposits of fenitrothion reached to 11.35 and 11.19 ppm for the same interval, respectively. Initial deposits of the plant growth regulator gibberellic acid were 30.52 and 30.42 ppm for the same period, respectively. After mixing the tested pesticides and the plant growth regulator, the initial deposits loss reached 38.77 and 42.0 % for diniconazole, 43.08 and 48.16 % for fenitrothion and 6.88 and 7.00 % for gibberellic acid for the same seasons, respectively. A significant degradation was recorded with the mixture of the two tested pesticides and plant growth regulator compared with that occurred when pesticide was used alone at' the two studied seasons.

Study was conducted during 2008 - 2009 on five local grape cultivars: Gubery, Assemy, Aswed, Razeql and Bayadh at the faculty of AgricultureThamar University . Cultivars were collected from Rawdha and Bany Husheish area - Sana'a Governorate. Morphological and physical characters of berry were determined and the chemical analysis for juice was also assessed. Finally, cuttings were taken from all, cultivars and cultivated at the nurser.Data were collected and analyzed by SAS system according to the least significant difference at the probability level of 0.05 and the results showed that: Assemy cultivar gave the maximum value of berry weight of 8.5 g, whereas the lowest rate was for Razeqi cv. of 1.2 g. According to berry dimensions, berry length ranged between 1.6 - 2.6 cm and berry width 1.35-2.43 cm. Razeql cv. gave the highest content of T.S.S (24.5%), whereas Gubery cv. contained the lowest value of 20.37%. pH value was between 3.98-4.77 and organic acids were between 0.35 -0.80%. Aswed cv. gave the highest rate of rooting percentage of 58% meanwhile, the lowest rate was found In the Razeqi cv. (6.75).

Two field experiments were conducted during the two successive seasons of 2007 and 2008 at the Agricultural Experimental Station of Agricultural Research Center, at EL-Serw, Damietta Gover-norate Egypt, to study the effect of the bio horm and weed control treatments (Bentazon, Py-razosoulfuron, Fenoxaprop, Penoxsulam, Bentazon + Fenoxaprop, Bentazon + Penoxsulam, Pyrazosoulfuron + Fenoxaprop, Pyrazosoulfuron + Penoxsulam, twice hand weeding and un- weeded check ) on growth, yield, its components and NPK percentage in grains of direct seeded rice as well as associated weeds in salinity soil. Results illustrated that appli-cation of bio horm increased fresh and dry weight of total weeds. Spraying bio horm after 50 days from sowing (DFS) markedly increased rice growth characters (plant height, number of productive till-ers, fresh and dry weight of rice plants), yield and yield components (panicle length, number of pani-cles/m2, weight of 1000 grain, grain and straw yield) and N, P and K% of grain rice, as compared with untreated treatment. All weed control treat-ments caused significant reduction on number, fresh and dry weight of total weeds/m2 after 60 DFS in both seasons. Pyrazosoulfuron treatment gave the highest decrease in total number of weeds followed by Pyrazosoulfuron + Penoxsulam and Pyrazosoulfuron + Fenoxaprop treatments. Pyrazosoulfuron + Fenoxaprop treatment gave the highest decrease in total fresh weight of weeds followed by Bentazon + Penoxsulam, Pyrazosoul-furon and Pyrazosoulfuron + Penoxsulam, respec-tively in the first season. While, in the second sea-son Pyrazosoulfuron treatment gave the lowest values of total fresh weight of weeds. Meanwhile, Bentazon + Penoxsulam was more effective than other treatments in reducing the dry weight of total weeds in both seasons. All herbicidal treatments and hand weeding increased significantly growth, yield, yield components and chemical composition of grain rice. Bentazon + Penoxsulam was superior treatment for increasing number of productive tillers, number of panicles / m2, 1000- grain weight and grain and straw yield as well as NPK percent-age of rice grains in both seasons. While, the same treatment Bentazon + Penoxsulam recorded the highest values of plant height, fresh and dry weight of whole plant and panical length in the first season. While, Pyrazosoulfuron + Penoxsulam gave the highest increment in plant height, fresh and dry weight of whole plant and straw yield in the second season. The interaction between bio horm and weed management treatments had significant effect on total fresh and dry weight of weeds, num-ber of productive tillers and 1000 grain weight. Pyrazosoulfuron produced the maximum values of number of productive tillers when bio horm was used in the second season, while, application of Bentazon + Penoxsulam gave the highest values of 1000 grain weight when bio horm was used in the second season. It could be concluded that using the bioregulator (bio horm) resulted in incre-ment of growth and productivity of rice crop under salinity soils. Using the combinations of herbicides caused more reduction of weeds and increased rice grain yield.

A detailed survey was carried out for 8 Foster grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) groves in Sennar area (13˚ 37΄ N, 33˚ 37΄ E) representing Sudan Central Clay Plain. Trees were budded on Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.). Soil and leaf samples were collected and analyzed according to standard procedures. Soil analyses included particle size distribution, pH (paste), ECe, SAR, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe and Mn. Leaf nutrient  levels  determination included N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and Mn. Yield per tree was recorded for one season and quality parameters were measured for fruits sampled from representative trees. Results indicated that, soil texture of the orchards ranged between clay and clay loam. Although the orchards were receiving the same cultural practices, yet, they were significantly different in some soil and plant constituents. All orchards were non-saline and non-sodic of slightly to moderately alkaline reaction. Soil and plant were deficient in nitrogen and zinc with high leaf phosphorus, magnesium, iron and deficit calcium levels. Mean fruit yield ranged between 0.93 and 7.76 tons ha-1 with an average of 4.35 tons ha-1, which is considered lower than world average. A low % TSS (total soluble solids), low ascorbic acid content and high % green color on fruit surface are evidents of low quality fruits. The low yield and poor quality fruits in this area were attributed to unsuitable soil conditions and the poor management practices