ilustraciones | EPM es una empresa de servicios públicos domiciliarios, imprime los más altos estándares internacionales de calidad a los servicios que presta: energía eléctrica, gas por red, agua y saneamiento, y telecomunicaciones. EPM brinda los servicios de acueducto y alcantarillado. La central hidroeléctrica Porce III está localizada al nordeste del departamento de Antioquia a unos 150 Km de la ciudad de Medellín, en jurisdicción de los municipios de Amalfi, Anorí, Guadalupe y Gómez Plata. La central utiliza las aguas del río Porce que es tributario del río Nechí y este a su vez del río Cauca, con una hoya hidrográfica propia de 3.756 Km2. En la Figura 1 se presenta un esquema de la ubicación de la central hidroeléctrica Porce III. (EPM, 2020). El tecnológico de Antioquia realiza un convenio con la empresa (EPM) donde el estudiante desarrolle la práctica interinstitucional. Además, se realiza un contrato de aprendizaje, de esta manera se permite que el estudiante aplique los conocimientos adquiridos en el proceso académico en esta entidad. Empresas públicas en cuanto a la Gestión integral de residuos, continua con la implementación del plan de acción para el mejoramiento de estos, cuyos logros se materializan en: Preparación del documento “Registro para la verificación de contenido de un Plan de Manejo Integral de Residuos -PMIR-, o de un programa de residuos y seguimiento a su implementación”. Se formalizaron las especificaciones que deben tener los sitios de almacenamiento de residuos para las instalaciones de EPM en los documentos: “Especificaciones para el almacenamiento de residuos no peligrosos en EPM” y “Especificaciones para el almacenamiento de residuos peligrosos en EPM” (EPM, 2008). | Tabla de contenido AGRADECIMIENTOS (opcional) ................................................................................................................. 1 CONTENIDO ................................................................................................. INTRODUCCIÓN ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Introducción: ........................................................................................................................................... 2 Generalidades: ......................................................................................... Justificación y problema abordado: ...................................................................................................... 4 Organización del informe: .................................................................................................................... 5 MARCO TEÓRICO ..................................................................................................................................... 6 DESCRIPCIÓN DEL LUGAR DE PRÁCTICA ................................................................................................. 12 Descripción de la empresa ................................................................................................................. 12 Información del cooperador ............................................................................................................... 12 Misión ................................................................................................................................................ 12 Visión ................................................................................................................................................. 12 Principios y/o valores corporativos..................................................................................................... 13 Reseña histórica de la empresa .......................................................................................................... 13 OBJETIVOS DE LA PRÁCTICA ................................................................................................................... 16 Objetivo general: ............................................................................................................................... 16 Objetivos específicos:......................................................................................................................... 16 FUNCIONES REALIZADAS ........................................................................................................................ 17 Función 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 17 Función 2 (incluir los numerales con las funciones que sean necesarios) ............................................ 18 DESARROLLO METODOLÓGICO DE LA PRÁCTICA ............................................................................... 19-26 RESULTADOS OBTENIDOS ................................................................................................................. 27-36 Función 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 28 Función 2 (incluir los numerales con las funciones que sean necesarios) ............................................ 29 CONCLUSIONES...................................................................................................................................... 37 REFERENCIAS ......................................................................................................................................... 38 Bibliografía ............................................................................................................................................ 38 | Pregrado | Tecnólogo(a) Agroambiental

The availability of fresh water on earth is 3%, which is low considering population growth; together with the mismanagement of water resources are the main problems facing the municipality of Riohacha; Therefore, a technology is needed that satisfies the demand for water using saline water, but currently there are no projects and / or studies on desalination techniques that contribute to improving the conditions of access to water suitable for human use and consumption that are viable in the territory, so it is proposed to determine the viability of a seawater desalination model coupled to a microbial desalination cell for vulnerable communities in Riohacha (Guajira) based on a literature review. Which was developed through a meta-analysis where the information was collected, a statistical analysis was developed, comparison between conventional desalination techniques and microbial desalination cells (CDM) and finally the results were analyzed along with social conditions and environmental of Riohacha. The main result is that the techniques coupled to CDM with bio-cathode that are viable for its implementation in Riohacha are Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Multistage Flash Distillation (MSF). Because they are the most efficient and economical techniques, with high availability worldwide and ease of operation, thus contributing to the fulfillment of the sustainable development objectives, ending poverty, zero hunger, health and well-being, and clean water and sanitation. | Ingeniero Ambiental | Pregrado | La disponibilidad de agua dulce en la tierra es del 3%, lo cual es bajo teniendo en cuenta el crecimiento poblacional; en conjunto con la mala gestión del recurso hídrico son las principales problemáticas que afronta el municipio de Riohacha; por lo que se necesita de una tecnología que satisfaga la demanda de agua empleando agua salina, pero actualmente no se encuentran proyectos y/o estudios sobre técnicas de desalinización que contribuyan a mejorar las condiciones de acceso al agua apta para uso y consumo humano que sean viables en el territorio, por lo que se plantea determinar la viabilidad de un modelo de desalinización de agua de mar acoplado a una celda de desalinización microbiana para comunidades vulnerables en Riohacha (Guajira) a partir de una revisión de literatura. La cual se desarrolló mediante un meta-análisis donde se recolectó la información, se elaboró un análisis estadístico, comparación entre las técnicas de desalinización convencionales y las celdas de desalinización microbiana (CDM) y finalmente se analizaron los resultados junto con las condiciones sociales y ambientales de Riohacha.Dando como principal resultado que las técnicas acopladas a la CDM con bio-cátodo que son viables para su implementación en Riohacha son la Ósmosis Inversa (OI) y Destilación Flash Multietapa (MSF). Por ser las técnicas más eficientes, económicas, de alta disponibilidad a nivel mundial y facilidad de operación, aportando así al cumplimiento de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible fin de la pobreza, hambre cero, salud y bienestar y agua limpia y saneamiento.

El Tecnológico de Antioquia – Institución Universitaria TdeA y la Gerencia de Servicios Públicos del Departamento de Antioquia celebraron el contrato interadministrativo, cuyo objeto es apoyar la ejecución de los programas y proyectos de la Gerencia de Servicios Públicos del Departamento de Antioquia, tiene entre sus actividades el apoyo en la realización de investigaciones, publicaciones, eventos internacionales, o divulgaciones en el marco de la investigación en relación con la gestión de los servicios públicos y el saneamiento básico. De acuerdo con lo anterior, este trabajo de práctica profesional busca apoyar la ejecución de un proceso investigación y análisis técnico, permitiendo la generación de insumos contextuales (análisis empírico) y conceptuales que den pie a la formulación de un proyecto que permita el diseño de lineamientos de adaptación al cambio climático, específicamente para el sector de agua potable en el departamento de Antioquia, en el cual, contenga una primera evaluación y análisis de la vulnerabilidad intrínseca de la prestación del servicio público domiciliario de agua potable en el departamento de Antioquia. El desarrollo y puesta en marcha de estas prácticas profesionales de Ingeniería Ambiental, se da gracias a la ejecución de una propuesta de investigación, la cual nace en la necesidad de conocer el grado de la vulnerabilidad o predisposición de la prestación del servicio de acueducto y la forma en la que el cambio climático puede afectar la gestión de la prestación de los servicios públicos en el futuro, para lo cual se combinan de manera idónea la experiencia en la formulación de estrategias de gestión del riesgo ante el cambio climático con que cuenta el grupo de investigación INTEGRA del Tecnológico de Antioquia – Institución Universitaria, y el objeto misional de la Gerencia de Servicios Públicos del Departamento de Antioquia en cuanto al apoyo a la gestión de los operadores de los servicios públicos domiciliarios en el departamento; dicha combinación se ve facilitada en la suscripción del contrato interadministrativo ya mencionado, y tiene como primer objetivo fortalecer la visión del Plan de Gestión del Riesgo Sectorial del Plan Departamental de Aguas de Antioquia, con las variaciones que impone el cambio climático. | Pregrado | Ingeniero(a) Ambiental

There is a pressing need to improve public administration of groundwater abstraction and use, given the global need to achieve sustainable resource exploitation and to reduce ‘water theft’ by means of illegal waterwells. The article distinguishes between the dynamics of illegal or irregular abstraction for urban water-supply and for irrigated agriculture. Based on the extensive international experience of the authors, the underlying reasons for illegality are assessed, and ways forward to improve the situation are suggested.

Three-dimensional geological and groundwater flow models of a submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) site at Hanko (Finland), in the northern Baltic Sea, have been developed to provide a geological framework and a tool for the estimation of SGD rates into the coastal sea. The dataset used consists of gravimetric, ground-penetrating radar and shallow seismic surveys, drill logs, groundwater level monitoring data, field observations, and a LiDAR digital elevation model. The geological model is constrained by the local geometry of late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits, including till, glacial coarse-grained and fine-grained sediments, post-glacial mud, and coarse-grained littoral and aeolian deposits. The coarse-grained aquifer sediments form a shallow shore platform that extends approximately 100–250 m offshore, where the unit slopes steeply seawards and becomes covered by glacial and post-glacial muds. Groundwater flow preferentially takes place in channel-fill outwash coarse-grained sediments and sand and gravel interbeds that provide conduits of higher hydraulic conductivity, and have led to the formation of pockmarks on the seafloor in areas of thin or absent mud cover. The groundwater flow model estimated the average SGD rate per square meter of the seafloor at 0.22 cm day⁻¹ in autumn 2017. The average SGD rate increased to 0.28 cm day⁻¹ as a response to an approximately 30% increase in recharge in spring 2020. Sensitivity analysis shows that recharge has a larger influence on SGD rate compared with aquifer hydraulic conductivity and the seafloor conductance. An increase in recharge in this region will cause more SGD into the Baltic Sea.

"Currently, the use of unconventional food sources in the inclusion of fish diets is cause of great interest. The growth performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was evaluated, with the inclusion of duckweed meal (Lemna perpusilla) in four levels (0, 6, 12 and 18 %) in the diet. African catfish with an average weight of 1.27 ± 0.03 g, were distributed in a completely randomized design, with 16 experimental cages (four replicates/treatment). The fingerlings were fed for 48 days of experimentation. An analysis of variance and a Duncan´s test were performed. No significant differences were found (p< 0.05) for the first two levels evaluated, but with the rest there were differences, as the percentage of inclusion of the duckweed meal in the ration increased. Final weight was decreasing, as well as absolute growth rate, increase in daily weight, feed conversion ratio and food efficiency. Survival throughout the experiment was between 72 y 65 % in all treatments. The inclusion of duckweed meal in the diet did not affect the parameters of water quality. It was concluded that the L. perpusillase meal can be included up to 12 % in diets for African catfish fingerlings, without affecting the growth performance." | "El uso de alimentos no convencionales en las dietas para peces es actualmente de gran interés. Se evaluó el comportamiento productivo de alevines de bagre africano (Clarias gariepinus), con la inclusión de la harina de la lenteja de agua (Lemna perpusilla) en cuatro niveles (0, 6, 12 y 18 %) en la formulación de la dieta. Se utilizaron 240 animales, con un peso promedio de 1,27 ± 0,03 g, distribuidos en un diseño completamente al azar, con 15 por réplicas (cuatro réplicas/tratamiento). Se realizó un análisis de varianza y una prueba de medias por Duncan. Los alevines fueron alimentados durante 48 días, no se encontraron diferencias significativas (p< 0,05) para los dos primeros niveles evaluados, y si con los restantes, en la medida que aumentaba el porcentaje de inclusión de harina de la lenteja de agua en la ración. El peso final fue descendiendo, así como el crecimiento absoluto, incremento en peso diario, factor de conversión alimenticia y eficiencia alimentaria. La supervivencia durante todo el experimento estuvo entre 72 y 65 %. La inclusión de este alimento en la dieta no afectó los parámetros de calidad del agua. Se concluyó que la harina de L. perpusilla se puede incluir hasta 12 % en dietas para alevines de bagre africano, sin afectar los indicadores bio-productivos." | "O uso de insumos alimentares não convencionais na inclusão de dietas para peixes é atualmente de grande interesse. Foi avaliado o comportamento produtivo de alevinos de jundiá (Clarias gariepinus), com a inclusão de farinha de lentilha-d’água (Lemna perpusilla) em quatro níveis (0, 6, 12 e 18 %) na formulação da dieta. Foram utilizados 240 animais, com peso médio de 1.27 ± 0.03 g, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 15 por repetições (quatro repetições/tratamento). Foi realizada uma análise de variância e um teste de médias de Duncan. Aos 48 dias de cultivo experimental, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p< 0.05) para os dois primeiros níveis avaliados, e se com os demais, conforme aumentou a porcentagem de inclusão de farinha de lentilha- d’água na ração. O peso final foi diminuindo, assim como o crescimento absoluto, aumento do peso diário, fator de conversão alimentar e eficiência alimentar. A sobrevivência durante todo o experimento foi entre 72 e 65 %. A inclusão desse alimento na dieta não afetou os parâmetros de qualidade da água. Concluiu-se que o farelo de L. perpusilla pode ser incluído em até 12 % em dietas para alevinos bagrefrenses, sem afetar os indicadores de bioprodução."

Tunneling is often unpopular with local residents and environmentalists, and can cause aquifer damage. Tunnel sealing is sometimes used to avoid groundwater leakage into the tunnel, thereby mitigating the damage. Due to the high cost of sealing operations, a detailed hydrogeological investigation should be conducted as part of the tunneling project to determine the impact of sealing, and groundwater modeling is an accurate method that can aid decision-making. Groundwater-level drawdown induced by the construction of the Headrace water-conveyance tunnel in Sri Lanka dried up 456 wells. Due to resulting socio-environmental problems, tunnel sealing was decided as a remedy solution. However, due to the expectation of significant delays and high costs of sealing, and because the water pressure in the tunnel may prevent groundwater seepage into the tunnel during operation, there was another (counter) decision that the tunnel could remain unsealed. This paper describes groundwater modeling carried out using MODFLOW to determine which option—sealed or unsealed tunnel—is more effective in groundwater level recovery. The Horizontal Flow Barrier and River packages of MODFLOW were used to simulate sealed and unsealed tunnels, respectively. The simulation results showed that only through tunnel sealing can the groundwater level be raised to preexisting levels after 18 years throughout the study area. If the tunnel remains unsealed, about 1 million m³/year of water conveyed by the tunnel will seep into the aquifer, reducing the operational capacity of the tunnel as a transport scheme. In conclusion, partial tunnel sealing in high-impact sections is recommended.

Temperature, discharge, and stable isotope ratios of five karst springs in a mountainous area of Zigui County, Hubei Province, Central China, were analyzed. The purpose was to illustrate the heat exchanges linked to circulation depth in the exposed karst water systems through the development of a method for estimating heat input and heat flux during a rainstorm. Meteorological water in the study area conformed to a local meteoric water line (δD = 8.37 δ¹⁸O + 12.99) with a mean δ¹⁸O elevation gradient of −4.0‰ km⁻¹, which was used to estimate mean circulation depths of 209–686 m. The mean spring temperatures defined a vertical gradient of −5.4 °C km⁻¹, which resembled that of the stable atmosphere of the Earth, indicating that the thermal response patterns are mainly controlled by surface air temperature. Thermal convection after rainfall events dominated heat exchange between baseflow and recharge water, leading to a warmer and colder recharge during summer and winter, respectively, whereas thermal conduction dominated the heat exchange only between groundwater, surrounding geology, and the interface air under a condition of no rainfall, resulting in only small temperature variations of the baseflow. Successful application of the method for estimating heat exchange showed that the characteristics of shallow circulation, strong karstification, and well-developed epikarst readily allowed disruption of the thermal balance of the Yuquandong system, resulting in a poor heat regulation capacity, a larger variation of heat input, a lower mean heat flux, and lower baseflow temperatures compared to those of the Dayuquan system.

A hydrogeological conceptual model of the source, circulation pathways and temporal variation of a low-enthalpy thermal spring in a fractured limestone setting is derived from a multidisciplinary approach. St. Gorman’s Well is a thermal spring in east-central Ireland with a complex and variable temperature profile (maximum of 21.8 °C). Geophysical data from a three-dimensional(3D)audio-magnetotelluric(AMT) survey are combined with time-lapse hydrogeological data and information from a previously published hydrochemical analysis to investigate the operation of this intriguing hydrothermal system. Hydrochemical analysis and time-lapse measurements suggest that the thermal waters flow within the fractured limestones of the Carboniferous Dublin Basin at all times but display variability in discharge and temperature. The 3D electrical resistivity model of the subsurface revealed two prominent structures: (1) a NW-aligned faulted contact between two limestone lithologies; and (2) a dissolutionally enhanced, N-aligned, fault of probable Cenozoic age. The intersection of these two structures, which has allowed for karstification of the limestone bedrock, has created conduits facilitating the operation of relatively deep hydrothermal circulation (likely estimated depths between 240 and 1,000 m) within the limestone succession of the Dublin Basin. The results of this study support a hypothesis that the maximum temperature and simultaneous increased discharge observed at St. Gorman’s Well each winter is the result of rapid infiltration, heating and recirculation of meteoric waters within a structurally controlled hydrothermal circulation system.

Combined simulation-optimization modeling is an essential tool for coastal groundwater management. However, determining the appropriate simulation-optimization approach for specific seawater intrusion problems remains a significant challenge, especially for the real-world conditions associated with management of complex groundwater systems, competing management objectives, and global concerns of future climate change. In this study, a linked multi-objective simulation-optimization framework, the MOSWTGA (multi-objective optimal code, coupling SEAWAT and an improved genetic algorithm), was applied to a coastal groundwater system in Zhoushuizi district of Dalian City in northern China. The system has fractured karst aquifers and is modelled for the next 20 years (from 2010) under the moderate greenhouse gas concentration scenario RCP4.5 (representative concentration pathways) in the CNRM (Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques) and MIROC (Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate) climate modes derived from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). The MOSWTGA was developed by integrating the density-dependent groundwater flow and solute transport code SEAWAT with a genetic algorithm improved by adding the Pareto-dominated ranking module, Pareto solution set filter, and fitness sharing procedure. A set of near Pareto-optimal solutions of the trade-off between the maximum of the total pumping rate and the minimum of the extent of seawater intrusion was obtained. The study tried to provide a theoretical basis for real-world groundwater management under the given conditions.