peer reviewed | Seagrass meadows ecosystem engineering effects are correlated to their density (which is in turn linked to seasonal cycles) and often cannot be perceived below a given threshold level of engineer density. The density and biomass of seagrass meadows (Z. marina) together with associated macrophytes undergo substantial seasonal changes, with clear declines in winter. The present study aims to test whether the seasonal changes in the density of recovering seagrass meadows affect the benthic food webs of the southern Baltic Sea (Puck Bay). It includes meiofauna, macrofauna and fish of vegetated and unvegetated habitats in summer and winter seasons. Two levels of organization have been tested – species-specific diet preferences using stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) in Bayesian mixing models (MixSIAR) and the community-scale food web characteristics by means of isotopic niches (SIBER). Between-habitat differences were observed for grazers, as a greater food source diversity in species from vegetated habitats was noted in both seasons. Larger between-habitat differences in winter were documented for suspension/detritus feeders. The community-wide approach showed that the differences between the habitats were greater in winter than in summer (as indicated by the lower overlap of the respective isotope niches). Overall, the presence of seagrass meadows increased ecological stability (in terms of the range of food sources utilized by consumers) in the faunal assemblage, while invertebrates from unvegetated areas shifted their diet to cope with winter conditions. Therefore, as a more complex system, not sensitive to seasonal changes, Z. marina meadows create a stable habitat with high resilience potential.

peer reviewed | Partial coalescence influences to a great extent the properties of final food products such as ice cream and whipped toppings. In return, the partial coalescence occurrence and development are conditioned, in such systems, by the emulsion's intrinsic properties (e.g. solid fat content, fat crystal shape and size), formulation (e.g. protein content, surfactants presence) and extrinsic factors (e.g. cooling rate, shearing). A set of methods is available for partial coalescence investigation and quantification. These methods are critically reviewed in this paper, balancing the weaknesses of themethods in terms of structure alteration (for turbidity, dye dilution, etc.) and assumptions made for mathematical models (for particle size determination) with their advantages (good repeatability, high sensitivity, etc.).With the methods proposed in literature, the partial coalescence investigations can be conducted quantitatively and/or qualitatively. Good correlation were observed between some of the quantitative methods such as dye dilution, calorimetry, fat particle size;while a poor correlation was found in the case of solvent extraction method with other quantitativemethods. The most suitableway for partial coalescence quantification was implied to be the fat particle size method, which would give results with a high degree of confidence if used in combination with a microscopic technique for the confirmation of partial coalescence as the main destabilization mechanism.

peer reviewed

Food and water contamination by human viruses is a great health problem. These viruses are shed in stools. Norwalk-like viruses, hepatitis E virus, poliovirus, echovirus, hepatitis A virus, rotavirus, astrovirus, enteric adenovirus and parvovirus B19 have been described. The most important ones are Norwalk-like viruses, rotavirus and hepatitis A virus as reported in epidemiological surveys. The most frequently implicated foods are shellfish (bivalve mollusks) harvested from waters contaminated with human sewage, as well as water itself. The other source of infection is the handling of food in poor hygienic conditions. In this case contaminated foods are vegetables, sandwiches, fruits, pastries that are soiled. The detection of viruses in foods is difficult for several reasons: Virusfood interactions make difficult the concentration and the purification of viruses, several virus species are difficult or unable to grow in cell culture, furthermore viruses are present in the sample in very low amounts. Molecular techniques are therefore the methods of choice for detecting these viruses, especially the polymerase chain reaction which is often described. Another possibility consists in a fecal viral indicator. Bacteriophages seem to be the most promising in this respect.

The research “Use of pesticides in Fresh Water Aquaculture in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, and impacts on environment and food safety” consisted of four sections. To evaluate the pressure of drugs and chemicals in the environment, two surveys were performed in the Mekong Delta. The first was focused on rice and rice-fish system and was conducted in 2009. The second, an in depth survey, conducted in 2013, focused on rice-fish, striped catfish and red-tilapia systems. Results showed that, for the rice-fish system, most rice fish farmers grew 2 rice crops and 1 fish crop per year. Pesticides were applied generally 3 times per crop. Farmers normally applied pesticides based on the recommended doses of producers. Chess 50WG (containing 500g/kg pymetrozine, produced by Syngenta, Vietnam), Bassa 50EC (containing 500g/L fenobucard, produced by Việt Thắng Bắc Giang (Vithaco), Vietnam) and Kinalux (containing 250g/L quinalphos, produced by United Phosphorus Ltd., India) were the most common used commercial pesticides in rice crop, rice-fish crop and distributors as well. According to the majority of the distributors, the use of pesticides will increase in future. The in-depth survey showed that much more active compounds were used in 2013 compared to 2009, but, all of the active compounds belonged to the approved list of Vietnamese government. Few farmers used chemicals during fish crop. Farmers reported their awareness towards the use of agrochemicals in terms of health effects. The survey showed that the farmers select an agrochemical based on their experience. The study on red-tilapia demonstrated that many different types of disinfectants and antimicrobials are used. Further, the cost-effectiveness of such pesticide use, especially for feed supplement products, antimicrobials and disinfectants, is questionable and should be assessed. There is an urgent need to improve the farmer’s knowledge and their access to advisory services on careful use of disinfectants and antimicrobials. All visited striped catfish farms applied drugs and chemicals with seven types of antibiotics during the fish production. Enrofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim were reported to be the most used chemicals by farmers to treat Bacillary Necrosis of Pangasius (BNP). The survey and practical situation demonstrated that quinalphos, trifluralin and dichlorvos were commonly used in rice fish system and, consequently, may contaminate aquaculture products. A Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analytical method was developed and validated according to European guidelines (SANTE/11945/2015) for the determination of residues of those pesticides in water. The developed method was then optimized using a gas chromatography – electron capture detector (GC ECD) technique to make the method more applicable in Vietnam. The developed method was used to analyze water samples collected from the aquaculture system in April 2013, at the beginning of the rainy season. Results showed that only 9 % of the total water samples analyzed contained residues of quinalphos, but only in water from rice fish systems. The other two pesticides, trifluralin and dichlorvos, were not detected. A comparison between GC-MS and GC-ECD indicated that GC-ECD is less sensitive than GC-MS. However, for samples with concentrations detectable with both techniques, no significant difference was observed between the results obtained using both equipments GC-ECD and GC-MS. The next step was to determine the distribution and elimination of quinalphos, the active substance of a popular insecticide used in the Mekong Delta, according to the first survey. An experiment was set up in a rice-fish integrated system in Can Tho City, Vietnam. Quinalphos was applied twice in a dose of 42.5 g per 1000 m2, according to the producer recommendations. Samples (fish, water and sediment) were collected at time intervals and were analyzed by GC-ECD. The results showed that quinalphos residues in fish muscles were much higher than those in the water and the bioconcentration factor (logBCF) was above 2 for the fish. The half-lives, after the first and second quinalphos applications, were 12.2 and 11.1 days for sediment, 2.5 and 1.1 days for silver barb, 1.9 and 1.3 days for common carp, and 1.1 and 1.0 days for water, respectively. Finally, as a case study including 3 commonly used pesticides (quinalphos, trifluralin and dichlorvos), dioxins and one forbidden antibiotic (chloramphenicol), the risk for the consumer, linked to the chemical contamination of the aquaculture related environment was evaluated. Sediments samples were collected including 10 samples collected from catfish ponds in An Giang Province and 12 samples randomly collected from rice-fish systems in Can Tho City. Analytical results showed that 3 from the 13 water samples collected from rice field were contaminated with low levels of quinalphos (with concentrations of 0.11, 0.08 and 0.04 μg/L). The other investigated pesticides were not detected in any sample. For chloramphenicol (CAM) residues in fish samples, analysis was performed on 36 fish samples of catfish (18 samples included 9 from small scale and 9 from large scale systems), snakehead (9 samples) and climbing perch (9 samples) collected at the beginning, middle and at the end of culture period. Results showed that one sample of climbing perch and one sample of snakehead were contaminated with traces of CAM (concentrations of 0.17 and 0.19 µg/kg, respectively). It appeared that CAM was not detected in catfish samples neither from the beginning to the end of the crop, nor from small and large scale systems. Dioxins were not detected in any of the collected sediments samples. In order to assess the general risk for the Vietnamese consumer of fish, a survey was performed in Can Tho City, using a questionnaire designed to collect information. A large part of interviewees (77%) stated that they like to eat fish. The number of days of eating fish was 3.4 days per week. In this study, the average amount of fish consumption ranged between 90 and 140 g per day. It was shown that the daily intake of trifluralin of interviewed people was 0.05 µg/kg body weight/day. This level of exposure was much lower than the acceptable daily intake (ADI) (15 µg/kg/day) (EFSA, 2015). However, trifluralin has not been approved in EU, so the presence of residues of trifluralin in aquatic product, even if they cause no problem for the consumer, would be a problem for aquatic product export. | Deltaquasafe Project